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Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Relaxation Therapy Change Psychological and Biological Variables

Dr.K. Saraladevi1, Nithiya Amirtham .S2
Associate Professor in Physical Science, Department of Physical Science Education, Meston College of Education (Autonomous), Royapettah, Chennai-600014, Tamilnadu, India 1 Ph.D Scholar and Junior Research Fellow (JRF), Department of Physical Science Education, Meston College of Education (Autonomous), Royapettah, Chennai-600014, Tamilnadu, India 2
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Abstract

This study focuses on the impact of CBT and relaxation therapy on examination stress, test anxiety and academic performance.100 engineering students were selected and they were given Dr.Speilberger's test anxiety and Sarala's examination stress tools were administered and academic achievement scores were collected from their teachers before applying CBT and relaxation therapy. Their serotonin and Nor-adrenaline levels were also tested at the beginning of the experiment. Of 100 students 50 were treated as control students and 50 students were treated as experimental group. Experimental group was given CBT and Relaxation therapy for about four weeks and their test anxiety and examination stress were again tested and achievement marks were recorded and their serotonin and Noradrenaline levels were again tested after CBT and Relaxation therapy. Control group' test anxiety and examination stress scores were also collected and their serotonin and Nor-adrenaline levels were estimated. Results were statistically analyzed through 't' test, correlation coefficient, regression coefficient. It was concluded that CBT and Relaxation therapy had an impact on test anxiety and examination stress serotonin Nor-Adrenaline and academic achievement scores

Keywords

CBT, examination stress, test anxiety academic performance serotonin Nor-adrenaline

INTRODUCTION

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy based on modifying cognitions, assumptions, beliefs and behaviors, with the aim of influencing disturbed emotions. The general approach has been developed out of behaviour modification, Cognitive therapy and rational emotive behaviour therapy, including mood and anxiety disorders. The particular therapeutic techniques vary according to the particular kind of client or issue, but commonly include keeping a diary of significant events and associated feelings, thoughts and behaviours; questioning and testing cognitions, assumptions, evaluations and beliefs that might be unhelpful and unrealistic; gradually facing activities which may have been avoided; and trying out new ways of behaving and reacting. Relaxation and distraction techniques are also commonly included. CBT is widely accepted as evidence and empirically based, cost-effective psychotherapy for many disorders and psychological problems. It is sometimes used with groups of people as well as individuals, and the techniques are also commonly adapted for self-help manuals and, increasingly, for self-help software packages. CBT is commonly based on the idea that how we think, how we feel), and how we act all interact and go together. Specifically, that our thoughts influence our feelings and behaviour, our feelings influence our behavior and thoughts and our behavior influence our emotions and thoughts. These modalities are therefore interrelated, and change in one modality will in all probability influence at least one of the others.[1a] Cognitive Behavioral Therapy most closely allies with the Scientist-Practitioner Model of Clinical Psychology, in which clinical practice and research is informed by a scientific perspective; clear operationalization of the "problem" or "issue;" an emphasis on measurement (and measurable changes in cognition and behaviour) and measurable goal-attainment. Anxiety is defined as the intense somewhat debilitating feeling that something horrible is going to happen. Everyone feels anxiety at some point, but typically the normal person has a logical reason to feel anxious. With anxiety disorders, the reason for the anxiety may not be known, or it may not be logical if it is known.

II. TEST ANXIETY

Test Anxiety is a type of performance activity-a feeling some one might have in a situation where performance really counts or when the pressures on to do well. Test-Anxiety in this study refers to the score obtained by the students in the Test Anxiety Scale.
Test Anxiety has two major components, worry and Emotionality [5a]. Their definition of Emotionality primarily in terms of the physiological reactions evoked by evaluative stress is similar in many respects to S-Anxiety as described above. However, the physiological changes resulting from arousal of the autonomic nervous system are emphasized in this definition, and less attention is given to the qualitative feelings that are associated with autonomic activation. The worry component of Test Anxiety is described as “Primarily cognitive concern about the consequences of failure”. Worry was associated with performance decrements on tests and other intellectual tasks. In contrast, it is found little or no relation between emotionality and performance [5a].
On the basis of a comprehensive review of the test anxiety literature, [13b] concluded that the performance decrements of test-anxious students were primarily due to the worry cognitions experienced by these students during examinations. She suggested that the attention of high test-anxious individuals is diverted from task requirements by distracting worry cognitions such as self – criticism and by other task – irrelevant thoughts. According to [13b] “the high test-anxious person responds to evaluative conditions with ruminative, self-evaluative worry, and thus, cannot direct adequate attention to task-relevant variables”.
High test-anxious individuals were more self-centered and self-critical than low test-anxious individuals and were therefore more likely to experience personalized, self-derogatory worry cognitions that interfered with task performance [12a]. The highly test-anxious individual is one who is prone to emit self-centered interfering responses when confronted with evaluative situations [12b]. Sarason also noted that where as the less test-anxious person plunges into a task when he thinks he is being evaluated, the high test-anxious person plunges inward”. High test-anxious students not only experience the attention blocks noted by Wine, but may also fail to appropriately interpret informational cues that are readily available to them.
A. Examination Stress- background of stress
Hans‟s selye is called as a father of the world “stress is his search for a new hormone he accidentally discovered that tissue damage is a non-specific to virtually all noxious stimuli. He called this phenomenon the general adaptati0n syndrome (GA) and about a decade later he introduced the term “stress” in his wirings.
The Gas has three stages, alarm resistance and exhaustion I the alarm stage an outside stressor mobilizes the internal stress system of the body. There are a number of physiological and chemical re4actions, such as increased pituitary and adrenaline secretions, noticeable increase in respiration heavy rate, and blood pressure, and a heightening of the senses. Then the Gas moves into the resistance stage during which the body calls the resistance stage during which the body calls upon the needs organ or system to deal with the stressor. However while their may be a great deals of resistance to other unrelated stressors. This helps explain why a person going through an emotional strain may be particularly vulnerable to other illness or disease. Finally if the stressor persists over a long period of time the reserves of the adaptive mechanisms during the second stage may become drained and exhaustion sets in when this happen there may be a return to the alarm stage and the cycle starts again with another organ or system or the automatic sheet off value; of death occurs. This Gas process of course can be very hard on the person and takes its toll on the human body.
B. Definition of Examination Stress
Stress is used to denote tension, or distress. This strain or stress during examination is called examination stress. “It is not necessarily bad, damaging or unhealthy. Stress during examination is not an event or circumstances. The same Examination situation provokes different responds in different students and even in the same student on his or her state of mind (Saraladevi K – 2001)
The examination situations may impose demands beyond that individual‟s capacity to meet them even given the resources available in that situation. These demands could be for productivity on a job. For resolving issue of great complexity or for resolution of conflicting expectations obviously the degree pf stress is a function of the ability of a given individual to meet these demands in the situations. The poor fit between the performance and the examination situation can also occur if the student motives and not satisfied by relevant supplied in the environment [3a].
C. Serotonin
1An organic compound, C10H12N2O, formed from tryptophan and found in animal and human tissue, especially the brain, blood serum, and gastric mucous membranes, and active as a neurotransmitter and in vasoconstriction, stimulation of the smooth muscles, and regulation of cyclic body processes.
Serotonin is concentrated in certain areas of the brain; the hypothalamus and midbrain contain large amounts while the cortex and cerebellum contain low concentrations. Like more neurotransmitters, it is stored granules inside nerve endings, and is thus not exposed to inactivation by monoamine oxidases until it is released into the synaptic space between the nerves. When serotonin- containing nerve fires, serotonin is released and can bind to any one of a series of at least 14 distinct downstream serotonin receptors (5-HT receptors). Release of serotonin or other stored neurotransmitters can also be induced by alkaloids such as reserpine, which have been used as tranquilizing agents in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. Although pharmacologic doses of serotonin produce a type of sedation and other depressant conditions of the nervous system, several types of clinically useful antidepressants, such as monoamine oxides (MAO) inhibitors, tri-cyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), act by increasing the amount of active serotonin in nerve synapses in particular brain regions. Conversely, various conditions that lower serotonin levels are associated with depression, suggesting that normal to slightly elevated serotonin levels tend to elevate mood and prevent depression.
Changes in serotonin levels can alter mood: increases have a calming effect, relieving depression, insomnia, and irritability; decreases are associated with wakefulness and greater sensitivity to pain. There is also a link between high serotonin levels and the early onset of fatigue: elevated levels induce lethargy and reduce the desire to exercise. Attempts have been made by some sports scientists to see if reducing serotonin levels can improve physical performance, but the results so far are inconclusive based on these ideas in mind the researcher has chosen the topic as CBT and Relaxation therapy change biological and psychological variables' for the present research.

III. DESIGN OF THE STUDY

A. Sample
100 students from engineering college were taken for the study of which 50 students were treated as control group and 50 students were taken as experimental group of 50 students 25 were girls and 25 were boys their age group was 18 to 20 years. Experimental group were given CBT with relaxation therapy for about one month. Subjects were free from medical, psychiatric, and sleep disorders as determined by history, physical examination, biochemical screening tests, electrocardiograms, and psychological screening questionnaires. Pre test and post test scores of experimental group were statistically analyzed to tabulate the data.
B. Tools used for the study
1. Test anxiety inventory by Dr,C,D . Speilberger.
2. Examination stress inventory by Dr.K.Saraladevi(2001).
3. Serotonin estimation by scientific laboratory kit method.
4. Noradrenaline by lab. kit method.

IV. OBJECTIVES

1. To find out the impact of CBT and relaxation therapy on serotonin. Noradrenaline, Test anxiety and Examination stress among students.
2. To differentiate the levels of serotonin. Noradrenaline, Test anxiety and Examination stress before and after applying CBT and Relaxation therapy.
3. To identify the significant differences between control and experimental group in serotonin. Noradrenaline, Test anxiety and Examination stress among control and experimental group students.

V. HYPOTHESES

1. There are significant differences between pre test and post test scores of the individuals before and applying CBT and Relaxation therapy.
2. There are significant differences between pre test scores of examination stress serotonin Nor-Adrenaline and academic achievement of control and experimental group individuals before applying CBT and Relaxation therapy.
3. There are significant differences between pre test scores of examination stress serotonin Nor-Adrenaline and academic achievement of control and experimental group individuals after applying CBT and Relaxation therapy.
4. CBT and Relaxation therapy has no impact on test anxiety and examination stress serotonin Nor- Adrenaline and academic achievement scores.
From the table-1 and also from the figures, it is clearly understood that the calculated values were more than that of table C.R value. Hence hypothesis was accepted and proved there were significant differences (p<0.01, N=50) between pre-test and post scores of experimental group. Hypothesis was accepted for the experimental group. In the case of control group there were no significant differences between pre-test and post scores and the hypothesis was rejected.
From the table-2 and also from the figures; it is clearly understood that the calculated values were more than that of table C.R value. Hence hypothesis was accepted and proved there were significant differences (p<0.01, N=50) between post scores of control group and post scores of experimental group. Hypothesis was accepted for the post test scores. In the case of pre-test scores of control group and experimental group there were no significant differences between their scores and the hypothesis was rejected for the pre-test scores.
From the table-3 , and also from the figures, it is clearly understood that the calculated correlation coefficient values were less than that of table correlation coefficient values .Hence hypothesis was accepted and proved there were no significant relationship ( p<0.01, N=50 ) between variables of post test scores of control group.
From the above table-4 and also from the figures, it is clearly understood that the calculated correlation coefficient values were more than that of table correlation coefficient values .Hence hypothesis was rejected and proved there were significant relationship ( p<0.01, N=50 ) between variables post test scores of experimental group. Our present research is line with the following studies. First, in a lot of cases test anxiety and examination stress are treated as the same thing. Some studies examine the influence of examination stress on grade [13 a] and measure students‟ perceptions of worry in such a way that is indistinguishable from that of test anxiety. Second, as stress is defined in a much broader way than anxiety, it is possible to conceptualize examinations as stressful by virtue of their own properties or functions without having to refer to perceived worry and arousal [3b]. Questions about the causal status of test anxiety have been raised on the basis that test anxiety may just be a proxy measure of ability and that both high anxiety and poor performance are joint effects of poor study skills. Research tried to address the first of these problems by including measures of ability, such as IQ, as [14].
Treatment for depression with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which teaches ways to modify thoughts and behaviours that contribute to depression, may help in raising brain serotonin levels and in improving depressive symptoms. This study will examine changes in brain serotonin activity using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging in people with depression before and after they receive CBT. The study will also use SPECT imaging to compare brain serotonin activity of non-depressed healthy participants with that of depressed participants. Depressed participants will then attend at least once weekly CBT sessions for 12 weeks. During the 45- minute sessions, participants will meet with a therapist to learn ways to adjust thoughts and behaviours that may be adding to their depression (20) Both cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) alleviate depression by lowering brain activity levels, but the drugs apparently depress limbic system activity while the therapy decreases frontal cortex activity(3a).
Antidepressants are not very effective in milder forms of depression, but may be of benefit if you are suffering with anxiety. They have been shown to be effective in moderate to severe depression, and, in severe depression, can be combined with CBT (21). CBT is a model of counselling that looks at the link between any given trigger event, the thoughts and evaluations that the mind makes of that trigger, and the resultant emotions, behaviours and physical symptoms. Thus, in the context of exam stress, the fear and anxiety a pupil or parent experiences at exam time is in reality a function of the underlying thought process for that individual. To explain this: the link between the activating event (I‟m sitting this exam) and the resultant emotion (fear/anxiety) is contained in the negative automatic thought that underlies this (such as „I will fail and my life is therefore ruined).
Specifically, that our thoughts influence our feelings and behaviour, our feelings influence our behaviour and thoughts and our behaviour influence our emotions and thoughts. These modalities are therefore interrelated, and change in one modality will in all probability influence at least one of the others.[5] A large-scale study [8] showed substantially higher results of response and remission when a form of cognitive behaviour therapy and an antidepressant drug were combined than when either modality was used alone. CBT has a good evidence base in terms of its effectiveness in reducing symptoms and preventing relapse. It has been clinically demonstrated in over 400 studies to be effective for many psychiatric disorders and medical problems for both children and adolescents.
We found a significant positive correlation between mean test anxiety scores and mean baseline taste thresholds for bitter and salt. This is, in part, surprising, given that salt thresholds do not alter in response to acute 5-HT or NA manipulation. Previous reports on patients with severe depression requiring hospitalization (13a) or seasonal affective disorder (1), suggested that different taste modalities, including salt, could be affected by these chronic disorders.

VI. RESULTS

1. There were significant differences between pre test and post test scores of the individuals before and applying CBT and Relaxation therapy.
2. There were no significant differences between pre test scores of examination stress serotonin Nor-Adrenaline and academic achievement of control and experimental group individuals before applying CBT and Relaxation therapy.
3. There were no significant differences between post test scores of examination stress serotonin Nor-Adrenaline and academic achievement of control group individuals after applying CBT and Relaxation therapy.
4. There were significant differences between post test scores of examination stress serotonin Nor-Adrenaline and academic achievement of experimental group individuals after applying CBT and Relaxation therapy.
5. CBT and Relaxation therapy had an impact on test anxiety and examination stress serotonin Nor-Adrenaline and academic achievement scores.

VII. IMPLICATIONS

1. Early identification of highly test-anxious students is difficult, as test-anxious responses may not manifest until high stakes examinations Practitioners should look out for signs such as procrastination and loss of interest in academic work
2. How should highly test-anxious students be supported? Changing the examination conditions to make them less stressful (perhaps extra time, breaks or a smaller venue than a hall) or helping the student to cope more effectively, or become more resilient, with examinations? There are obvious tensions here between notions of inclusivity, equality of opportunity and fairness.
3. Should anxiety be the main focus of intervention or support? Might the student be better served by targeting the factors that lead to a high test-anxious response in the first place: improving study and test-taking skills, improving academic self-concept (perhaps through addressing attributions for success or failure) or more individual subjectspecific tuition? This kind of approach requires recognition that a student might be become test-anxious for a variety of reasons.

VIII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS

One of ways in which test anxiety research is moving forward is by examining how it might be related to other, similar constructs, including achievement goals and academic self-concept. [5] 2 x 2 framework for achievement goals conceptualizes distinct performance and mastery goals, focusing on grades and learning respectively, along dimensions of approach and avoidance. A performance-avoidance goal, characterized by a fear of failure, is the most likely point of convergence between the achievement goals and test anxiety constructs (10). Initial research by [4] supports this proposition. Their integrated hierarchical model suggests students high on trait anxiety may hold performance-approach or performance-avoidance goals, but it is only the test anxious students holding the avoidance goal that are showing a negative relationship to performance via state worry. This distinction is consistent with the suggestion above that there may be different types of test-anxious students, only some of whom show a negative relationship with performance.
This finding has not been replicated by all research, however, suggesting that some degree of theoretical refinement is necessary. For instance, [12] tested an expanded hierarchical model containing a range of test-related emotions. We found that a performance-avoidance goal was more strongly related to anger, shame and hopelessness than to anxiety. Academic self-concept may also play an important role, providing the self-knowledge upon which selfreferent processing is based (as in Zeidner and Mathews‟ model). Research has supported this prediction, finding that both academic performance and perceived test competence are both negatively related to test anxiety [12]. This study also examined achievement goals, finding that mastery-avoidance rather than performance-avoidance goals were most strongly related to test anxiety, again suggesting that this relationship should be re-examined.

IX. CONCLUSION

Since CBT and Relaxation therapy has given to experimental group they showed significant results in test anxiety and examination stress serotonin Noradrenalin and academic achievement scores. Triggers are the thoughts, emotions, situations, and times of year, events, or environments that set off a depressive or manic episode. By learning how to understand and recognize their triggers, the students can then learn to avoid the triggers entirely, thereby decreasing the number and severity of depressive and manic episodes.
CBT for students is similar to behavioural therapy for adults the component for CBT treatment for children with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a technique called exposure plus response prevention. The steps include developing a rank ordered list of all the child‟s fears and rituals along with the situations in which these symptoms occur. The children are then persistently exposed to the situations starting with the least anxiety fear and working up to the most difficult. The children are encouraged to resist their urges to compulse. When exposures occur consecutively the child‟s fears decreased through a process called autonomic habituation. Habituation is a process by which an individual slowly becomes accustomed to something over time. Repeated exposure to obsessions leads to a weakening and reduction in obsession and compulsive behaviours.
Overall, CBT is a viable and quite successful treatment for all the problems, and can be a healthy alternative to medication in some cases. Serotonin levels are responsible for mood stability, depressive states, and control of anxiety, fears, or phobias. Given the current climate in India of increasing the amount of high stakes testing in children, debates around the issue of test anxiety and examination stress are unlikely to go away for the foreseeable future. Although this line of research has a long history, the recent changes in educational policy present a new and interesting challenge for psychology to engage with some of the „big‟ questions in this area: At what age should we be testing children? Is a lot of testing bad for children? Does the focus on testing encourage shallow learning and performance goals at the expense of deep learning and mastery goals? Do individualized accounts of stress focus attention away from the surveillance function of examinations? And so forth. Although many educational commentators are ready to offer opinions on these and other related questions, evidence at present is very scarce indeed, and there is a real opportunity now to inform future policy making with both research evidence and critical commentary.

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