Modern Techniques in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot

Abstract

Diabetic foot is referred to any type of foot that exhibits any pathology that results directly from diabetes mellitus or chronic problems of diabetes mellitus. Possessing typical diabetic foot pathologies likewise leg infection, ulcers in diabetic foot and neuropathic osteoarthropathy are referred to diabetic foot syndrome. Diabetes related to peripheral nerve dysfunction related with diabetic neuropathy patients will have a reduced capacity to feel pain. Major injuries will not be exposed for initial days. Persons who affected with diabetic will also have the large probability of affecting with the diabetic foot ulcer. Research studies have said that lifetime occurrence of foot ulcers in diabetic community is around 15% to 25%.

Keywords

Diabetic foot syndrome, Neuropathic osteoarthropathy, Systemic antibiotics, Osteomyelitis.

Introduction

Foot ulcers are major complaints in poorly diet controlled patients, which initially results in the breaking down of the skin, there by leading in damage in the beneath layers of leg. People with affected diabetes will have the major probability of affecting with diabetic foot ulcer [1-7]. Affected diabetic persons should well aware with the foot infections and if anyone found foot pain or any discomfort should visit a better physician and in order to get vast. The initial sign of diabetic ulcer in having a minor drainage of pus or stain in the socks or with wet legs [8-10], which may their lead to swelling, irritation, redness in one or both feet are also similar symptoms of a diabetic foot ulcer.

Visceral sign of a severe foot ulcer is black tissue which usually surrounds the ulcer called Eschar. This may be of improper healthy blood flow to the area around the ulcer [4,11-16]. In general, partial or complete gangrene commonly called as death of tissue due to infections, which may appear around the ulcer [17-24]. Commonly observed symptoms are odorous discharge, pain, and numbness [6,16].

Weaken blood supply from microvascular disease with lack of sensation because of neuropathy, make susceptible to the persons with diabetes mellitus to foot infections [25-32]. Diabetic foot infections typically may lead to one of the following forms of disease, Cellulitis, Deep-skin and soft-tissue infections, chronic osteomyelitis [33-37]. In major, cellulitis will lead to erythematous, non-raised skin lesions and sometimes with lymphangitis.

Most diabetic foot infections (DFIs) require the treatment with the class of systemic antibiotics. Choice of the antibiotics will depends on the severity of the disease, whether the patient has offered with another antibiotic treatment, or the infection has been caused by a micro-organism that is predicted or to be resistant to usual antibiotics (MRSA) [24,38-43]. The major motto of antibiotic therapy is to prevent the infection and to ensure it does not spread to other parts of the body. Major risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer are poor shoe quality, poor hygiene, improper trimming of toe nails. Open access journals will provide the increased visibility and accessibility to scientific readers in getting the required information [44-49]. The current researches in entire world, which are showcasing through open access journals, will serve as the main source of information in various scientific and technological fields [44-56]. To explore the awareness among the society, a large group of physicians and consultants have got associated to form a society or as an organization. The major theme of the formed societies is to counsel and to create awareness among the people who affected by diabetic foot. Major societies like Diabetic Society of Singapore, aims to explore the public awareness in diabetic foot, and of quality standards. Established societies like American Diabetes Association are making the society to well aware about to begin your education about diabetes [57-64]. These associations will explore the issues which are surrounded by diabetes. Foundations like International Diabetes Federation which has started with the motto “To promote diabetes care, prevention and a cure to entire world”. UNO has officially announced, 14th November as a World diabetes day, aim of this year's activities and materials will be focusing on promoting the importance of screening to make confirmation as early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and also the treatment to reduce the risk of serious issues.

Discussion

Open Access Script plays an important role in providing the statistics [65-72], content and current researches going through the globe. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism provides information on complications including childhood diabetes, type-1 diabetes, type-2 diabetes, diabetes cholesterol, endocrine system diseases, complications of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia [73-79]. Journal of Clinical Diabetes & Practice is an international peer-reviewed scholarly journal, which published the papers across the world on diabetes and its management as a Special edition [44,80-86]. Open access Journals like Diabetes Management are intends to publish peer-reviewed, original articles that address the global health concerns related to diabetes. Journal of the Pancreas a leading provider of information on diabetic diseases and novel methods of treatment followed. The above cited open access journals on diabetes are the peer-reviewed journals that maintains the quality and standard of the journal. These journals ensure the barrier-free distribution of its subject through open access (online) and by their help in improving in getting more number of citations for authors and will attain good journal impact factors [87-96]. 11th Asia Pacific Diabetes Conference and Expo has explored the theme with “New Developments in Diabetes” which is held at Brisbane, Australia.

Andrew Collier, Professor of Diabetes Care, Glasgow Caledonian University, Consultant in Diabetes & Endocrinology, he has showcased his research in type 1 diabetes [97-100]. He is currently overlooking on collaborative research in the field of metabolic syndrome, diabetic foot ulcers (foot micro-biome) and foot ulcer off-loading. Belma Turan, Professor from Ankara University, Turkey has showcased her work on “Cardiac β-adrenoreceptor subtypes in diabetes and regulation of cardiac β3-adrenergic receptors” in the conference of “13th Global Diabetes Conference & Medicare Expo”.

Major types of Diabetes and their Major Implications

The most common type of diabetes includes Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Gestational diabetes, monogenic diabetes, heart disease [2,75]. Of these diabetes, Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes. People who make to develop type 2 diabetes age in between 45 or older, have family inherited diabetes, or are overweight. Patient affected from diabetic foot due to the insufficient over weight or hyperglycemic level in the blood will have the more probability to get affected [68]. Through Open access healthcare study and literatures, we use to get the information of novel and innovative researches ongoing in the current era [27]. Here we tried to list of few articles which provides the case reports that are much competent enough for an individual to attain knowledge on diabetic foot care.

The easiest diabetic foot infection to cure is Cellulitis, as it not causes the same circulatory limitations, making as it convenient for medications to reach the infection site. Majorly, chronic osteomyelitis, the most difficult diabetic foot infection to cure will require the surgical debridement before going to the antibiotic therapy and it can be more effective [30]. Glycemic control is suggested for expected outcome and in prior, it is important for microbial eradication and for tissue healing.

Patient who got affected by diabetes features excessive thirst or urination, fatigue, weight loss or blurred vision. Open access will play a crucial role in providing the information of innovative researches which are undergoing in the current era [25,35]. We have listed out articles here which will provide reports that are much needed by a person to get aware of the knowledge on diabetes and diabetic foot. An article entitled Diabetic Foot Evaluation in Family Medicine written by Esad Alibasic of Herzegovina, explains in the study only 40% of patients with ulcer underwent the amputation [94], which will enhances the priority of the implementation of preventive interventions for diabetic foot. Diabetic foot care journals will represents the therapeutically and the preventive methods regarding the diabetic patient care. In the Figure 1, it is clearly emphasizes on the differences in a normal foot and diabetic foot. The risk of life is much depends on the severity.

Figure 1: Metabolic risk and differences in a normal foot and diabetic foot

Advancements in the Treatment of Diabetic foot

Preventive steps in diabetic ulcers

Regular physical examination, most predominantly at vascular, as well as an examination of the patient’s footwear as a regular check up by a physician is essential, and should have a regularity in walking and exercising. Proper care should be focused on the foot care. Delay in the foot care will lead to severe problems [54], and my cause threat to the life. Hypoglycemia will also leads to a sever cause as such blood sugar levels can generate a variety of symptoms and effects, but the major problems arise from an inadequate supply of glucose to the brain [26].

Conclusion

Glucose Regulation, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia are the major complications which will leads to the severe side effects in the human body and to the ones who are more prevalent to diabetes are to be more care ful. By following proper diet, by taking medications, analyzing blood sugar regularly, by keeping regular diet under control can minimize the risk of diabetic foot. More predominantly, the socks which we use should be cleaned and well sterilized and to avoid the diabetic foot. In general the foot ulcers are serious, but they usually respond well to treatment. Persons who are more predominantly affected with diabetes will have the severity to get the diabetic foot and by proper supervision of foots, can reduce the risk factor. As this is a large growing severity need to be much focused on the health care.

References

1. Danaei G, et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: Systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million participants. Lancet. 2011;378:31-40.
2. Chen C, et al. Elevated Interleukin-17 Levels in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biochemistry & Physiology: Open Access. 2016.
3. Inancli SS, et al. Evaluation of Thyroid Autoimmunity in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Metab. 2016;7:682.
4. Bayramova AN. Gastroenterological Diseases as Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Gastrointest Dig Syst. 2016;6:442.
5. Shizuma T, et al. A Case of Back Abscess and Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Case Rep. 2016;1:106.
6. Cheekurthy AJP, et al. Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Women and the Associated Risk Factors. Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences. 2016.
7. Mesquita C, et al. Effect of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress on Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Hypothalamic Cells. Endocrinol Metab Syndr. 2016;5:243.
8. Saiedullah M. Insulin Sensitivity or Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Obesity. Diabetes Case Rep. 2016;1:e102.
9. Cakir OO, et al. Visceral Fat Volume is a Better Predictor for Insulin Resistance than Abdominal Wall Fat Index in Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Intern Med. 2016;6:220.
10. Lambadiari V, et al. Short Term, Low Dose Thyroxin Treatment of Euthyroid Patients with Type 2 Diabetes improves Peripheral Blood Flow and Overall Insulin Sensitivity. J Diabetes Metab. 2016; 7:677.
11. Colón E, et al. Autocrine/Paracrine Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Acts as Pro-apoptotic Factor for Leydig cells in the Rat Testis. J Steroids Horm Sci. 2016;7:174.
12. Heidari A. Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo Simulations for Replacement Sugars in Insulin Resistance, Obesity, LDL Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Glycobiological Study. J Glycobiol. 5:e111.
13. Ling J, et al. Activation of PAK2 by Serum Starvation Sensitizes its Response to Insulin Treatment in Adipocyte 3T3-L1 Cells. Biochem Anal Biochem. 2016;5:277.
14. Moreira HP, et al. HIV-Positive Inflammatory Activity Monitoring Correlated to Peripheral Insulin Resistance - Hire Study. HIV Curr Res. 2016.
15. Lopes DN, et al. Multi Insulin Sensitization with Tolerante to New Therapeutic Option: Degludec. J Diabetes Metab. 2016;7:668.
16. Holman RR, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577-1589.
17. Liu L, et al. The Metabolic Change of Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Free Fatty Acids and Desaturase Activity in Isolated Post-Challenge Hyperglycemia. J Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015;5:291.
18. Syed S, et al. Isolation of Amylase Producing Bacteria from Solar Salterns of Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2013.
19. Liang T and Roy R. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV-VIS) and SALIgAE® Qualitative and Semiquantitative Tools for the Analysis of Salivary Amylase. J Forensic. 2014.
20. Van de Laar FA. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4:1189-1195.
21. Van de Laar FA, et al. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2:CD003639.
22. Fang W, et al. The Effect on Gut Microbiota Structure of Primarily Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients Intervened by Sancai Lianmei Particle and Acarbose: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Trials. 2016;6:270.
23. Santeusanio F and Compagnucci P. A risk-benefit appraisal of acarbose in the management of noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus. Drug Saf. 1994;11:432-444.
24. Mai TT and Chuyen NV. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of an aqueous extract from flower buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr and Perry. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007.71:69-76.
25. Heo SJ, et al. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from Ishige okamurae, a brown algae, a potent alphaglucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitor, alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009;615:252-256.
26. Carbonard M, et al. Evaluation of polyphenol bioavailability in rat small intestine. Eur J Nutr. 2001;40:84- 90.
27. GIN H, et al. Effects of red wine, tannic acid, or ethanol on glucose tolerance in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients and on starch digestibility in vitro. Metabolism. 1999;48:1179-1183.
28. OLIVEIRA AC, et al. Effect of the extracts and fractions of Baccharis trimera and Syzygium cumini on glycaemia of diabetic and non-diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;102:465-469.
29. Maddi A, et al. Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Whole Secretome and Amylase-precipitated Secretome Proteins from Streptococcus gordonii. J Proteomics Bioinform. 2014;7:287-295.
30. Menon G, et al. Characterization of Alkaliphilic, Surfactant Stable and Raw Starch Digesting ÃŽ‘-Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Strain JS-16. J Microbial Biochem Technol. 2014;S8-002.
31. Finore I, et al. Use of Agro Waste Biomass for ÃŽ±-Amylase Production by Anoxybacillus amylolyticus: Purification and Properties. J Microb Biochem Technol. 2014;6:320-326.
32. Payne LA, et al. Relationship of Salivary Alpha Amylase and Cortisol to Social Anxiety in Healthy Children Undergoing Laboratory Pain Tasks. J Child Adolesc Behav. 2014;2:129.
33. Fugate B, et al. Medicago sativa L. ÃŽ²-Amylase Core Promoter has Motifs in Common with Arabidopsis Key Starch Degradation Genes. J Plant Biochem Physiol. 2014;2:124.
34. Mohan T, et al. Magnitude of Changes in the Activity of Amylases and Cellulase and its Association with the Biochemical Composition during Maturation and Ripening of Banana (Musa spp.). Biochem Physiol. 2014;3:127.
35. Cho SJ, et al. Mixture of Ethanol Extract of Grape Pomade and Omija Fruit Prevents Hyperglycemia and Alleviates Oxidative Stress in Mice Fed an Obesogenic Diet. J Diabetes Metab. 2015;6:562.
36. Abhinaya N. Hyperglycemia in Type II Diabetic Patients: an Overview. RRJMHS.2015. 20. Silvestri F, et al. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Unmasked by Hyperglycemia. Pediat Therapeut. 2015;5:240.
37. Eddouks M. Efficacy and Safety of Olive in the Management of Hyperglycemia. Pharmaceut Reg Affairs. 2015;4:e145.
38. Khulan TS, et al. Effect of Honey Bee Venom (Apis mellifera) on Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rabbits. J Diabetes Metab. 2015;6:507.
39. Kummer BR, et al. Voltage Gated Potassium Channel Antibody Encephalitis Associated with Hyperglycemia. J Clin Case Rep. 2014;4:464.
40. Kaushik P, et al. Bioassay Guided Fractionation and ÃŽ±-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Flavanoid Isolated from Pinus roxburghii Sarg.. Nat Prod Chem Res. 2015;3:179.
41. Ozdemir S, et al. Isolation of a Novel Thermophilic Anoxybacillus flavithermus SO-13, Production, Characterization and Industrial Applications of its Thermostable alpha-Amylase. J Bioprocess Biotech. 2015;5:237.
42. Zhao L, et al. Recovery of beta-Amylase by Hybrid UF Membranes from the Soy Whey Wastewater. J Bioprocess Biotech. 2015;5:236.
43. Maity S, et al. Optimization of Solid State Fermentation Conditions and Characterization of Thermostable Alpha Amylase from Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633). J Bioprocess Biotech. 2015; 5:218.
44. Gopinath SM, et al. Invitro Inhibitory Effect of Polyherbal Formulation on Alpha-Amylase. IJIRSET. 2013.
45. Shareef MI, et al. In Vitro α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of the Leaves of inosporacordifolia. IJIRSET. 2014.
46. Singh S. A Comparitive Study on Immobilization of alpha-amylase Enzyme on Different Matrices. IJPAES. 2014.
47. Tundis R, et al. Natural products as alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and their hypoglycaemic potential in the treatment of diabetes: An update. Mini-Rev Med Chem. 2010;10:315-331.
48. Horii S, et al. Synthesis and alpha-D-glucosidase inhibitory activity of N-substituted valiolamine derivatives as potential oral antidiabetic agents. J Med Chem. 1986;29:1038-1046.
49. Singh S. Aqueous Two Phase Extraction of Fungal Amylase And Its Use For Desizing of Cotton Fabrics. IJPAES. 2014.
50. Khan JA and Yadav SK. Production of alpha-amylases By Aspergillus Niger Using Cheaper Substrates Employing Solid State Fermentation. IJPAES. 2011.
51. Ibrahim, et al. Bioutilization of Adansonia Digitata Fruit Pulp by Bacillus Species for amylase Production. IJPAES. 2011.
52. Jyothi KSN, et al. Identification of a Proteinaceous Alpha Amylase Inhibitor from a Medicinal Herb Oxalis corniculata L. (Oxalidaceae). J Homeop Ayurv Med. 2014;3:165.
53. Pathak S and Narula N. Optimization of pH for the Production of Amylase by Soil Mycotic Flora of Jabalpur Region. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2013.
54. Coyne CP, Narayanan L Fludarabine-(C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R]: Synthesis and Selectively “Targeted” Anti-Neoplastic Cytotoxicity against Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (A549). J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;4:1.
55. Koteswari P, et al. Fabrication of a Novel Device Containing Famotidine for Gastro Retentive Delivery Using Carbohydrate Polymers. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;4:1.
56. Bassani AS, et al. In Vitro Characterization of the Percutaneous Absorption of Lorazepam into Human Cadaver Torso Skin, Using the Franz Skin Finite Dose Model. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;4:2.
57. Satyavathi K, et al. Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Liposomal Drug Delivery System of Cabazitaxel. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;4:2.
58. Mahipalreddy D, et al. Preparation and Evaluation of Ketoprofen Enteric Coated Mini Tablets for Prevention of Chronic Inflammatory Disease. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;4:2.
59. Ogaji IJ, OkaforIS, Hoag SW Some Characteristics of Theophylline Tablets Coated with Samples of Grewia Gum obtained from a Novel Extraction. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2014;3:1.
60. Wiley TS, et al. H1R Antagonists for Brain Inflammation and Anxiety: Targeted Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;4:3.
61. Tsompos C, et al. The Effect of the Antioxidant Drug “U-74389G” on Uterus Inflammation during Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs. 2015;3:1.
62. Nair AK, et al. Development and Comparative Assessment of Hydrocolloid Based Against Wax Based Gastro Retentive Bilayered Floating Tablet Designs of Atorvastatin Calcium Using Qbd Approach. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;4:3.
63. Ibtehal S, et al. Preparation of Zaleplon Microparticles Using Emulsion Solvent Diffusion Technique. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2012;1:3.
64. Solomon AO, et al. Making Drugs Safer: Improving Drug Delivery and Reducing Side-Effect of Drugs on the Human Biochemical System. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;4:4.
65. Dey B, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Potentials of Eucalyptus Spp. Leaf Extracts and their Encapsulations for Controlled Delivery. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2014;3:2.
66. Efentakis M and Siamidi A Design and Evaluation of a Multi-Layer Tablet System Based on Dextran. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2014;3:2.
67. Humayoon R, et al. Quality Control Testing and Equivalence of Doxycycline Hyclate (100 mg) Capsule Brands under Biowaiver Conditions. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2014;3:2.
68. Shin DG, et al. A Methylation Profile of Circulating Cell Free DNA for the Early Detection of Gastric Cancer and the Effects after Surgical Resection. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016;5:1.
69. Brijesh KV, et al. Physicochemical Characterization and In-Vitro Dissolution Enhancement of Bicalutamide-Hp-Β-Cd Complex. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;3:2.
70. Panchangam RBS, et al. Engineered Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Anticancer Therapeutics. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;4:1.
71. Olaso I, et al. A Comparative Study of the Treatment of Giardiasis with Commercially Marketed Medicine, Metronidazol with Compounding Medicine at a Rural Hospital in Ethiopia. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2016; 5:2.
72. Hasegawa H, et al. Sitagliptin Inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res 2016;5:2.
73. Král V, et al. Multifunctional Bile Acid Derivatives as Efficient RNA Transporters (Carriers). J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2016;5:2.
74. Parvathi MVS, et al. Micro RNA-142-5p Profile as a Predictor of Tumor Markers Regulation in Different Histological Grades of Human Breast Carcinoma. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016;5:2.
75. Kaliappan I, Structural Elucidation of Possible Metabolic Profile of Mangiferin by Oral and Intraperitoneal Administration. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015; 4:1.
76. Bhusnure OG, et al. Drug Target Screening and its Validation by Zebrafish as a Novel Tool. Pharm Anal Acta. 2015;6:426.
77. Krithiga J and Briget MM. Synthesis of Agnps of Momordica charantia Leaf Extract, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity. Pharm Anal Acta. 2015;6:427.
78. Gonzalez-Weller D, et al. Dietary Content and Evaluation of Metals in Four Types of Tea (White, Black, Red and Green) Consumed by the Population of the Canary Islands. Pharm Anal Acta. 2015;6:428.
79. Muriithi NJ, et al. Determination of Hematological Effects of Methanolic Leaf Extract of S. incanum in Normal Mice. Pharm Anal Acta. 2015;6:429.
80. Jana S, et al. Characterization of Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Chitosan and Sodium Alginate after Biofield Treatment. Pharm Anal Acta. 2015;6:430.
81. Bhasin S and Patel R. Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Alitretinoin by Lipid Drug Delivery System. Pharm Anal Acta. 2015;6:433.
82. Naik DR, et al. Release Kinetics of Cellulosic Nano particulate Formulation for Oral Administration of an Antiviral Drug: Effect of Process and Formulation variables. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs. 2014;2:1.
83. Patel MN, et al. Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Elucidation of Mixed Ligand Cu (II) Complexes as Artificial Metallonucleases. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs. 2015;3:1.
84. Swapnil S, et al. Healing Potential of Citrullus Lanatus in Acetic Acid Induced Ulcerated Rats. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs. 2015;3:1.
85. Koly SF, et al. An In Vitro Study of Binding of Aceclofenac and Pantoprazole with Bovine Serum Albumin by UV Spectroscopic Method. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs. 2016;4:1.
86. Kogawa AC, et al. Characterization of Darunavir: Β-Cyclodextrin complex and Comparison with the Forms of Darunavir Ethanolate and Hydrate. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs. 2016;4:1.
87. Chaube R, et al. Pentachlorophenol-Induced Oocyte Maturation in Catfish Heteropneustes Fossils: An In Vitro Study Correlating with Changes in Steroid Profiles. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs. 2016;4:1.
88. Malshe AG. Hydrogen ion/Proton Dynamics: A Possible Therapeutic Approach in Malignancy Treatment. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016;5:1.
89. Kheir V, et al. Cotton Wool Spots in Trousseau’s Syndrome. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;5:1.
90. Guest TC and Rashid S. Anticancer Laccases: A Review. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016;5:1.
91. Ranjna CD, et al. Inhibiting Human Lactate Dehydrogenase-C for Male Fertility Control; Initial Hits. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2014;3:2.
92. Romeira D, et al. Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Axillary Lymph Node Positivity: A Systematic Review. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016;5:2.
93. Norollahi SE, et al. The Role of MicroRNAs in Cancer Progression. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016; 5:2.
94. Kumar R, et al. Quantum Magnetic Resonance Therapy: Targeting Biophysical Cancer Vulnerabilities to Effectively Treat and Palliate. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016; 5:2.
95. Ning Y, et al. A novel biosensor for detection of salmonella typhimurium carrying ssec gene based on the secondary quenching effect of carbon nanotubes. J Nanomater Mol Nanotechnol. 2013;2:5.
96. Xu X, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of injectable dexamethasone acetate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. Drug Deliv. 2011;18:485-492.
97. Nabid MR, et al. Synthesis of nonionic dendrimer-like star block copolymers based on PCL and PEG as stabilizer for gold nanoparticles. J Nanomater Mol Nanotechnol. 2013;2:7.
98. Chattopadhyay N, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles enhance the delivery of the HIV protease inhibitor, atazanavir, by a human brain endothelial cell line. Pharm Res. 2008;25:2262-2271.
99. Ma L, et al. Silver sulfide nanoparticles as photothermal transducing agents for cancer treatment. J Nanomater Mol Nanotechnol. 2016;5:2.
100. Brijesh KV, et al. Physicochemical characterization and in-vitro dissolution enhancement of bicalutamidehp-β-cd complex. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res. 2015;3:2.