Tissue Culture Techniques in Horticulture – A Review

Abstract

Biotechnology incorporates plant tissue culture, applied microbiology, molecular biology adding to the creation of products with enhanced sustenance, food, fibre and fuel. As an industry, PTC is no more an incipient industry in India. It is thriving with multidirectional development and multimillion dollar turn over. A few product plants are routinely propagated strawberries, sugarcane, orchids etc. by tissue culture technique and are being traded domestically and internationally for nearly three decades. Since tissue culture is an intense system for mass creation in numerous products, it has turned into an imperative instrument in the nursery and cultivating industry. Tissue culture method has been in charge of achieving the second green transformation in our nation.

Keywords

Bioprocessing, Cloning, Somatic embryogenesis, Tissue culture, Micropropogation, Horticulture therapy, Horticulture source, Grafting, Haploids, Secondary products

Introduction

Tissue culture technique is a well-established technique which is utilized to develop or keep up plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile condition on supplement society medium of known piece. It is an outcome of genesis of an idea of the German Scientist, Haberlandt, at the beginning of 20^th century who believed in concept of tot potency. It relies on maintain plant cells in aseptic condition on suitable nutrient medium [1-3]. Plant tissue society is broadly used to deliver clones of a plant in a strategy known as micro propagation. Initially plant tissue society was misused as an exploration device and focused on endeavors to culture and study the improvement of little, detached portions of plant tissues or confined cells [4,5]. Around the mid twentieth century, the idea that plants could be recovered or increased from either callus or organ society was generally acknowledged and useful application in the plant proliferation industry ensued [6-9].Plant tissue society depends on the way that numerous plant cells can recover an entire plant tot potency. Single cells, plant cells without cell dividers protoplasts, bits of leaves, stems or roots can frequently be utilized to produce another plant on society media given the required supplements and plant hormones. Numerous business research centers were set up far and wide for mass clonal proliferation of agricultural plants [10-12]. Today plant tissue society applications incorporate a great deal more than clonal proliferation and micro propagation [13]. The uses of plant tissue society go well past the limits of agribusiness and horticulture [14-18]. It has discovered application in ecological remediation and modern preparing. With quick populace development, the aggregate acreages of organic products, vegetables and different elaborate plants have not possessed the capacity to meet the requests of the general population in creating nations. Plant tissue society procedures, an under-used apparatus in Nigeria can be widely connected to in-wrinkle plant crop generation [19]. Nonetheless, with the end goal of this paper we concentrate on assessing the extent and extent of uses of plant tissue society to farming and cultivation and highlight momentum or potential ranges for further innovative work [20-24].

Micropropagation

Micropropagation is the study of increasing plants invitro under controlled aseptic conditons. This system is the creation of entire plant from little segment of plant, for example, stem tip, hub, meristem, developing life, or even a seeed. In nature clonal propogation done by apomixes and vegetative propogation [25-27].

The elements that influence micropropagation are:

a. Genotype and the physiological status of the plant e.g. plants with fiery germination are more reasonable for micropropagation [28-30].

b. The way of life medium and the way of life environment like light, temperature and so forth [31]. For instance an enlightenment of 16 hours a day and 8 hours night is palatable for shoot multiplication and a temperature of 250C is ideal for the development.

Steps of Micropropagation

1. Establishment

2. Proliferation

3. Rooting and Hardening

Sometimes one stage is additionally incorporated into situations where foundation of plantlets in soil is especially elaborate [32,33].

Establishment

In this step, choice of reasonable plants, their disinfection and exchange to supplement media for foundation takes place.

Proliferation

It is the expansion or increase of shoot from the explant on medium [34].

Rooting and hardening

Transfer of shoots to establishing medium took after later by planting in soil.

Methods of Micro Propagation

Auxiliary bud proliferation approach

1. Meristem and Shoot tip culture

2. Bud culture

Organogenesis

1. Indirect

2. Direct

Embryogenesis

Auxiliary bud proliferation approach

Meristem and Shoot tip culture: Morel and Martin 1952 build up the procedure of meristem society for in vivo infection of Dahlia. This technique is more effective in herbaceous plant [35-38].

Bud culture: Buds contain dynamic meristem relying on the physiological condition of plant. The different sorts utilized as a part of bud society: Single hub society and Auxiliary bud technique [39-42].

Organogenesis

Indirect: This pathway incorporates a callus stage [43-47]. Callus is undifferentiated tissue that creates on a harmed plant surface [48,49].

Direct: This pathway is detours a callus stage. This method is especially reasonable to herbaceous species.

Embryogenesis

It is a procedure of start and improvement of developing lives and incipient organisms like structure from physical cells. It as a rule incorporates a callus transitional stage which can bring about variety among seedlings.

It is not a typical micro propagation system but rather right now being utilized to deliver unrivaled pine seedling [50-53].

Advantages of Micropropagation

1. Microprogation empowers cultivator to build the creation of plants that regularly engender gradually, for example, Narcissus and different bulbous harvest [54-57].

2. Long term stockpiling of profitable germplasm conceivable.

3. In vitro stock can be immediately multiplied as it is season free.

4. Multiplication of ailment free plants e.g. infection free plants of sweet potato Ipomeabatatus, cassava manihotesculenta [58-60].

5. Multiplication of sexually determine sterile cross breeds.

6. It is a savvy system as it requires less space.

7. The creation of plants from seeds that generally have low odds of developing and developing, e.g. orchids and nepenthes [61].

8. The creation of plants in sterile compartments that permits them to be moved with incredibly diminished odds of transmitting ailments, nuisances and pathogens.

Application of Micropropagation

1. Screening cells instead of plants for worthwhile characters, e.g. herbicide resistance/resilience.

2. Extensive scale development of plant cells in fluid society inside bioreactors as a wellspring of auxiliary items, similar to recombinant proteins utilized as biopharmaceuticals [62,63].

3. To cross indirectly related species by protoplast combination and recovery of the novel half breed.

4. For creation of multiplied monoploid plants from haploid societies to accomplish homozygous lines all the more quickly in rearing projects, for the most part by treatment with colchicine which causes multiplying of the chromosome number [64-66].

5. As a tissue for change, trailed by either fleeting testing of hereditary builds or recovery of transgenic plants.

Challenges in Micropropagation

Somoclonal variety

Hereditary variety in plants that have been created by plant tissue culture and can be recognized as genotypic or phenotypic characteristics [67,68]. Notwithstanding, not all the variety emerging from micro propagation is steady and heritable. Some variety rises up out of additional atomic DNA and is along these lines not consistently acquired. Somaclonal assortment ought to similarly be perceived from phenotypic or physiological assortment between explants most as a rule conveyed in explant size or vitality [69-71]. Such variations from the norm are not heritable, al-be that as it may they may have sturdy results for the impacted plants. It is generally suspected that physical change is actuated by the proximity of advancement controllers in the lifestyle medium and that the threat of assortment additions with the level of tissue detachment required in the lifestyle structure. In this way, Soma clonal assortment can be minimized by using "essential" micro propagation, in perspective of instigation of existing axillary buds to create out as opposed to including bizarre bud course of action and in addition an interceding callus stage.

Conclusion

Plant tissue cultures are a powerful tool in phytoremediation research as model systems to identify the biochemical responses of plant cells to environmental contaminants, the metabolic capabilities of plant tissues, and the reaction products formed [72].Plant tissue society is in a matter of seconds a dug in development which has made basic commitments to the proliferation and change of plant items as a rule. More imperative duty is imagined from this advancement in quite a while to come, both in its own specific right and as an additional to the use of sub-nuclear science [73,74]. Cognizance of the natural procedures that permit the control of in vitro morphogenesis and examinations on various physiological, biochemical and sub-nuclear parts of plant hormones will address the issues of in vitro recalcitrance or in vitro plant development and advancement.

References

1. Abd-allah SAM. Path Coefficient Analysis for Some Characters on Fruit and Seed Yields of Okra. J Horticulture. 2015;2:140.
2. Odhiambo PO, et al. Phyto-Chemical Screening of Wild Types and Tissue Cultured Yellow Oleander ThevetiaperuvianaPers.K.Schum in Kenya. AdvPharmacoepidem Drug Safety. 2012;1:120.
3. Sarapat N, et al. Tissue Culture with 3D Monitoring by Distributed Ring Circuits. J BiosensBioelectron. 2013;4:119.
4. Ibrahim M, et al. Evaluation of Tissue Culture Raised Sugarcane Planting Materials against their Donor Conventional Seed Sources as Initial Source of Seed Cane at Tendaho Sugar Development Project, North-Eastern Ethiopia. J Horticulture. 2016;3:168.
5. Sarapat N, et al. Tissue Culture with 3D Monitoring by Distributed Ring Circuits. J BiosensBioelectron. 2013;4:119.
6. Lee JM. Plant cell culture and its applications. In: R. M Goodman ed,Encyclopaedia  of  Plant  and  Crop  Sciences,  Marcel  Dekker. 2004;931-933.
7. Chalak L, et al. Elimination of Grapevine Bois Noir Phytoplasma by Tissue Culture Coupled or not With Heat Therapy or Hot Water Treatment. Adv Crop Sci Tech. 2013;1:107
8. Tesfa M, et al. Ex Vitro Rooting of Sugarcane Saccharumofficinarum L. Plantlets Derived from Tissue Culture. Adv Crop Sci Tech. 2016;4:215.
9. Soni M and Kanwar K.Phytotoxicity Studies of Ceratocystisfimbriata Causing Pomegranate Wilt in Punicagranatum L. Cv. Kandhari Kabuli. J Plant PatholMicrobiol. 2016;7:344.
10. Abd-allah SAM. Path Coefficient Analysis for Some Characters on Fruit and Seed Yields of Okra. J Horticulture. 2015;2:140.
11. Bintory MA, et al. Evaluation of the Colour of Dried Dutch Rose Flowers Using a Colorimeter. J Horticulture. 2015;2:157.
12. Gambhir G and Srivastava DK.Thidiazuron Induces High Frequency Shoot Regeneration in Leaf and Petiole Explants of Cabbage Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Capitata. J BiotechnolBiomater. 2015;5:172.
13. Kamle M, et al. A Species-Specific PCR Based Assay for Rapid Detection of Mango Anthracnose Pathogen ColletotrichumgloeosporioidesPenz. andSacc. J Plant PatholMicrob. 2013;4:184.
14. Hua Y, et al. Correlations between Soluble Sugar and Phenol Contents in Leaves and Pear Scab Resistance. J Plant PatholMicrobiol. 2014;5:213.
15. Kotozaki Y. Comparison of the Effects of Individual and Group Horticulture Interventions. Health Care Current Reviews. 2014;2:120.
16. Sharma V and Alam A. Current Trends and Emerging Challenges in Horticulture. J Horticulture. 2013;1:101.
17. Wise JC, et al. Trunk Injection: A Discriminating Delivering System for Horticulture Crop IPM. EntomolOrnitholHerpetol. 2014;3:126.
18. Kukanoor L, et al. Effect of Pre-treatments on Physical and Sensory Qualities of Dehydrated Carrot Slices. J Horticulture. 2014;1:116.
19. Kukanoor L, et al. Effect of Pre-treatments on Physical and Sensory Qualities of Dehydrated Carrot Slices. J Horticulture. 2014;1:116.
20. Wise JC, et al. Trunk Injection: A Discriminating Delivering System for Horticulture Crop IPM. EntomolOrnitholHerpetol. 2014;3:126.
21. Kotozaki Y. Comparison of the Effects of Individual and Group Horticulture Interventions. Health Care Current Reviews. 2014;2:120.
22. Sharma V andAlam A. Current Trends and Emerging Challenges in Horticulture. J Horticulture. 2013;1:101.
23. Willman MR, et al. Inheritance of somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from primary Type 1 callus in maize. In vitro: Cell. Dev Biol. 1989;25:95-100.
24. Moradpour M, et al. Establishment of in vitro Culture of Rubber Heveabrasiliensis from Field-derived Explants: Effective Role of Silver Nanoparticles in Reducing Contamination and Browning. J NanomedNanotechnol. 2016;7:375.
25. Bhutia KL, et al. In Vitro Regeneration of DalleKhursani, an Important Chilli Cultivar of Sikkim, using Various Explants.Agrotechnol. 2016;5:142.
26. Tadele Z, et al. Efficiency of In Vitro Regeneration is Dependent on the Genotype and Size of Explant in Tef [EragrostistefZucc. Trotter].Adv Crop Sci Tech. 2015;3:179.
27. Gambhir G and Srivastava DK.Thidiazuron Induces High Frequency Shoot Regeneration in Leaf and Petiole Explants of Cabbage Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Capitata. J BiotechnolBiomater. 2015;5:172.
28. Rehman HU. In vitro Propagation of KainthPyruspashia Using Explants from Forced Cutting. J Horticulture. 2015;2:127.
29. Mahna N, et al. Plant In vitro Culture goes Nano: Nanosilver-Mediated Decontamination of Ex vitro Explants. J NanomedNanotechol. 2013;4:161.
30. Bhutia KL, et al. In Vitro Regeneration of DalleKhursani, an Important Chilli Cultivar of Sikkim, using Various Explants.Agrotechnol. 2016;5:142.
31. Tadele Z, et al. Efficiency of In Vitro Regeneration is Dependent on the Genotype and Size of Explant in Tef [EragrostistefZucc. Trotter].Adv Crop Sci Tech. 2015;3:179.
32. Rehman HU. In vitro Propagation of KainthPyruspashia Using Explants from Forced Cutting. J Horticulture. 2015;2:127.
33. Sankepally SSR, et al. Callus Induction and Regeneration Capabilities of Indica Rice Cultivars to Salt Stress. J Biomol Res Ther. 2016;4:136.
34. SahSKet al. High Frequency Embryogenic Callus Induction and Whole Plant Regeneration in Japonica Rice Cv. Kitaake. J Rice Res. 2014;2:125.
35. Derso C and Feyissa T. Effect of Seed Treatment on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Attributes of YehebCordeauxiaedulis with In-Vitro Conditions. J BiotechnolBiomater. 2015;5:188.
36. Mishra RK, et al. Seed Germination and Seedling Survival Percentage of ShorearobustaGaertn.f. inBuffer Areas of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India. J EcosysEcograph. 2015;4:153.
37. Taha HS, et al. New Aspects for Callus Production, Regeneration and Molecular Characterization of Ginger (ZingiberofficinaleRosc.).Med Aromat Plants. 2013;2:141.
38. Derso C andFeyissa T. Effect of Seed Treatment on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth Attributes of YehebCordeauxiaedulis with In-Vitro Conditions. J BiotechnolBiomater. 2015;5:188.
39. Akram M and Aftab F. Effect of Cytokinins on In vitro seed Germination and Changes in Chlorophyll and Soluble Protein Contents of Teak Tectonagrandis L.BiochemPhysiol. 2015;4:166.
40. Bhojwani SS and Grover A. Tissue culture a novel source of genetic variations. The Botanica. 1996;46:1-6.
41. Guha S and Maheshwari SC.In vitro production of embryos from anthers of Datura.Nature.1964;204-497.
42. Mandal J and Sharma P. In Vitro Micropropagation of Carumcopticum L. J Pharma Reports. 2016;1:108.
43. Ibrahim M, et al. Evaluation of Tissue Culture Raised Sugarcane Planting Materials against their Donor Conventional Seed Sources as Initial Source of Seed Cane at Tendaho Sugar Development Project, North-Eastern Ethiopia. J Horticulture. 2016;3:168.
44. Mandal AK and Datta SK. Introduction of Gerbera cultivation in lucknow agro climate through tissue culture of young flower head. Indian. J Biotech. 2002;12:212-216.
45. Murashige T. Plant propagation through tissue culture. Ann Rev Plant Physiol. 1974;25:135-166.
46. Nag TN andBadia N. Secondary metabolites in tissue culture of desert plants. In: Srivastava P.S. ed Plant tissue culture and molecular biology ?application and prospects. Narosa pub. House, New Delhi. 1998;282-293.
47. Rueb S, et al. Efficient plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from callus induced on mature rice embryos (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 1994;36:259-264..
48. Suzuki M, Ishikawa M, Akihama TA. Novel preculture method for induction of desiccation tolerance in Genetian axillary buds for cryopreservation. Plant Sci.1998;135:69-76.
49. Rico-Lemus M and Rodríguez-Garay B. SNP as an Effective Donor of Nitric Oxide for in vitro Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. J Plant Biochem Physiol. 2014;2:127.
50. Li L, et al. A single genetic locus in chromosome 1 controls conditional browning during the induction of calli from mature seeds of Oryza sativa ssp. Indica. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 2007;89:237-245.
51. Prakash S, et al. Culture media and containers. Biotechnology and Eco-development Research Foundation, Bangalore India, 2000;pp:29-30.
52. Ramgareeb S, et al. Micropropagation of Cynodondactylon from leaf and nodal segments. South Afr J Bot. 2001;67:250-257.
53. Kumar SK and SparjanbabuDS. Haploid Breeding in Palms-A Brief Review. Adv Crop Sci Tech. 2013;1:113.
54. Geng J, et al. An Integrated Genetic Map for Brassica napus Derived from Double Haploid and Recombinant Inbred Populations. Hereditary Genetics. 2012;1:103.
55. Sav A.  Pituitary Stem/Progenitor Cells: Their Enigmatic Roles in Embryogenesis and Pituitary Neoplasia - A Review Article. J NeurolDisord. 2014;2:146.
56. Etienne H, et al. Are Genetic and Epigenetic Instabilities of Plant Embryogenic Cells a Fatality? The Experience of Coffee Somatic Embryogenesis. Human Genet Embryol. 2016;6:136.
57. Sopie Salomé YE, et al. Comparison of Pineapple Fruit Characteristics of Plants Propagated in Three Different Ways: By Suckers, Micropropagation and Somatic Embryogenesis. J Nutr Food Sci. 2011;1:110.
58. Blachutzik JO, et al. Mobility of Group 1b Remorins in Membrane Nanodomains Differs Significantly between Mesophyll Cells and Protoplasts. J Plant BiochemPhysiol. 2015;3:153.
59. enkatesh U, et al.Methanolic Extract of Wedeliatrilobata in Antiproliferation and Apoptotic Activity. Nat Prod Chem Res. 2016;4:210.
60. Tolera B.  In Vivo Proliferation ofIn Vitro Propagated Sugarcane Saccharumofficinarum L. genotypes at Tana- Beles Sugar Development Project, North-Western Ethiopia. Cell DevBiol. 2015;4:161.
61. Ramgareeb S et al. Micropropagation of Cynodondactylon from leaf and nodal segments. South Afr J Bot. 2001;67:250-257.
62. Etienne H, et al. Are Genetic and Epigenetic Instabilities of Plant Embryogenic Cells a Fatality? The Experience of Coffee Somatic Embryogenesis. Human Genet Embryol. 2016;6:136.
63. Rossi-Hassani BD and Zryad JP. In vitro culture and plant regeneration of large flowered purslane. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Culture. 1995;41:281-283.
64. Jiang D, et al. Use of in situ Hybridization to Localize Wolbachia during Embryogenesis in Brugiamalayi. J BacteriolParasitol. 201;2:112.
65. Roy A, et al. Effect of Different Media and Growth Hormones on Shoot Multiplication of In Vitro Grown Centellaasiatica Accessions. Adv Tech Biol Med. 2016;4:172.
66. Aswath RC andChoudharv ML. Rapid plant regeneration from Gerbera jamesonii Bolus callus cultures. ActaBotanicaCroatica. 2002;61:183-187.
67. Jayanthi M and Mandal PK. Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis and RAPD analysis of regenerated plants in Tylophoraindica (Burm. f. Merrill.). In Vitro Cell DevBiol Plant. 2001;37:576-580.
68. Boligon A, et al. Wheat seedling emergence estimates from seed analysis. Scientia Agricola. 2011;68:336-341.
69. Moles A and WestobyM.Seed size and plant strategy across the whole life cycle. Oikos. 2006;113:91-105.
70. RajalaA, et al. Seed quality effects on seedling emergence, plant stand establishment and grain yield in two-row barley. Agricultural and Food Science. 2011;20:228-234.
71. Peltonen-sainioP, et al. Hidden viability risks in the use of farm-saved small-grain seed. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2011;149:713-724.
72. PeñalozaP, et al. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed quality evaluation using seed physical attributes, sutured salt accelerated aging and the seed vigour imaging system. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. 2005;8:299-307.
73. George EF. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Part 1, the Technology, Exegetics Ltd, Edington. 1993.
74. Vallejo LGZ, et al. In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Crude Extracts and Acetogenin Fraction of Soursop Fruit Pulp. Pharm Anal Acta. 2016;7:484.