Short Communication Open Access

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs): Master Regulators of Cellular Differentiation and Therapeutic Targets in Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. Initially identified for their ability to induce ectopic bone formation, BMPs are now recognized as key regulators of embryogenesis, organogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and disease progression. They exert their biological effects through serine/threonine kinase receptors and downstream SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent signaling pathways. Recent advances highlight their role in stem cell differentiation, cancer biology, and regenerative medicine. Dysregulation of BMP signaling is associated with skeletal abnormalities, fibrosis, and tumor progression, making them attractive therapeutic targets. This short communication summarizes the molecular mechanisms, physiological roles, pathological implications, and emerging clinical applications of BMPs with a focus on translational relevance.

Emily S. Carter

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