Review Article Open Access

Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management Strategies

Abstract

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent a heterogeneous group of conditions affecting muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and associated soft tissues. These disorders are among the leading causes of disability worldwide, contributing significantly to pain, functional impairment, reduced quality of life, and socioeconomic burden. The increasing prevalence of MSDs is associated with aging populations, sedentary lifestyles, occupational hazards, and rising comorbid chronic diseases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of musculoskeletal disorders, including their classification, epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and contemporary management strategies. Emphasis is placed on preventive measures and multidisciplinary care approaches. Advances in imaging, rehabilitation science, pharmacological therapy, and surgical interventions are also discussed. Understanding MSDs holistically is essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing global disease burden.

Robert J. Wil

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