Review Article Open Access

Neurodevelopmental Disorders: An Integrative Review of Etiology, Clinical Spectrum, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches

Abstract

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) represent a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by impairments in cognitive, behavioral, social, and motor functioning due to atypical brain development. These disorders typically manifest during early childhood and persist across the lifespan, significantly impacting educational achievement, occupational performance, and quality of life. Common neurodevelopmental disorders include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability (ID), communication disorders, and specific learning disorders. Advances in genetics, neuroimaging, and molecular neuroscience have significantly improved understanding of their pathophysiology, highlighting complex interactions between genetic predisposition, epigenetic modulation, and environmental exposures. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and emerging therapeutic strategies in neurodevelopmental disorders. Recent developments in precision medicine, neurobiological modeling, and early intervention strategies are also discussed, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches to improve patient outcomes.

Helena K. Schneider

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