A Review Article on Lung Cancer Diagnosis & Treatment

Abstract

Lung cancer is the main cause of death in the United States and around the world. The two types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer (around 15%). In spite of advances in early diagnosis and standard treatment, non-small cell lung cancer is regularly analysed at advanced stages and has a poor prognosis. The treatment and prevention of lung cancer are major needs that can most likely be enhanced by a better understanding of the molecular process in cancer and development of cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer can be characterised into three subtypes: squamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and substantial cell lung cancer. Smoking causes a wide range of lung cancer, however, is most firmly connected with small cell lung cancer and squamous-cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma is the most well-known in patients who have never smoked

Keywords

Lung cancer, Non-small cell lung cancer, Small cell lung cancer, Smoking, Squamous-cell carcinoma.

Introduction

Epidemiologic studies demonstrating a relationship between family history and an increased risk of lung malignancy gave the primary evidence of host susceptibility. Lung cancer vulnerability and risk also are enhanced in inherited cancer syndromes caused by uncommon germ-line mutations in p53 retinoblastoma and other genes and in addition a germ-line mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene [1-10,11]. More recently, three vast genome wide societies’ studies recognised a relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation at 15q-15q and vulnerability to lung disease. The locale of the SNP variation was recently connected to lung carcinogenesis and incorporates two genes encoding subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha, which is managed by nicotine presentation [12-20]. Lung-disease vulnerability and risk increment with lessened DNA repair capacity that results, for example, from germ-line alteration in nucleotide extraction repair genes such as ERCC1. Enhanced expression of DNA synthesis and repair genes, including RRM1 and ERCC1, in Non-small cell lung cancer relates with better prognosis generally, however no advantage from platinum-based chemotherapy presents gene abnormalities required in the development of various histologic types of lung cancer [21-25,20].

In order to create awareness among the people, group of physicians and consultants unite to form a society or an organization. The main aim of these societies is to counsel and create awareness among the victims of Cancer as well as healthy personnel. Major societies like United Cancer Research Society aims to improve public awareness in cancer health, preventing, detecting and treating this diseases and the advancement of quality standards to enhance patient care [26-30]. Senologic International Society (SIS) aims on bringing along the national societies of Senology around the world and improving the information and quality of cancer health assistance worldwide. Canadian Society of Nephrology aims to deals with the physiology and diseases of the kidneys. kidney cancer Association charitable organization involved in providing support to cancer patients promoting the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer diseases. The main objective of these societies is to disseminate the scientific knowledge to oncologists so that they can provide better service to the patients and work together to reduce the risk of cancer problems [31-39].

Open Access literature plays a key role in proving the information and current researches across the globe. Journal of Lung Cancer Diagnosis & Treatment aims to provide individuals and organizations with the most recent information on ways to prevent Lung cancer, epidemiology, and views on what causes lung cancer, pathology, clinical assessment, surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other treatment modalities and also many conferences like Global submit on Cancer Diagnostics where an abstract entitled Smoking Cessation in Lung Cancer illustrated The greatest risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. Smoking addiction is one of the challenging problems that should be solved in lung cancer patients [40-49]. Including lung cancer, in cancer patients, quitting smoking has several benefits. However, implementation of smoking cessation clinics in oncology practices is inadequate and many lung cancer patients still smoke despite cancer diagnosis. Journal of Cancer Science & Therapy is an open access peer reviewed journal serving the International Scientific Community. This journal offers an open access platform to the authors to publish their research outcome and thus help in promoting Cancer and Oncology research.

Journal of Clinical & Experimental Oncology is a leading provider of information on cancer diseases and novel methods of treatment followed. The above mentioned Open access journals on cardiology are the peer-reviewed journals that maintain the quality and standard of the journal content, reviewer’s agreement and respective editor’s acceptance in order to publish an article. These journals ensures the barrier-free distribution of its content through online open access and thus helps in improving the citations for authors and attaining good journal impact factors.

Causes of Lung Cancer across the Globe

Globally in 2015, lung disease diagnosed in 1.8 million individuals and brought about 1.6 million deaths [50-58,15,25]. This makes it the most widely recognized reason for cancer-related deaths in males and second most common in females after breast cancer. The most widely recognized age at diagnosis is 70 years. 17.4% of individuals in the United States diagnosed to have lung cancer survive five years after the diagnosis, while results are more awful in the developing world [59-65].

Smoking, especially of cigarettes, is the main cause of lung cancer. Smoke from cigarette contains approximately 73 known cancer-causing agents, including benzo[a]pyrene [24] NNK, 1,3-butadiene and a radioactive isotope of polonium, polonium-210. Passive smoking refers to the inhaling of smoke from another's smoking is a reason for lung cancer in non-smokers [66-72]. A passive smoker can be characterized as somebody living or working with a smoker. Professor George G Chen from Chinese University of Hong Kong, China presented in 5th World Congress on Cell & Stem Cell Research about Thromboxane in smoking-induced lung carcinogenesis [73-80]. Dr. Sule Akcay from Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey authored an article Smoking Cessation in Lung Cancer depicting that smoking is the greatest risk factor for the occurrence of lung cancer [81-90].

Apart from the articles, presentation at conferences, symposiums, workshops also yield a better exposure to health information and advanced technologies that are being invented in the present generation [119-123]. 16^th Global Annual Oncologists Meeting held in April 24-25, 2017 Dubai, UAE and Oncologists Meeting at Cologne, Germany will deal with Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment diseases of the Organ-related Cancers and its innovative techniques [91-98].

Global Summit on Oncology & Cancer held in May 25-27, 2017 Osaka, Japan. This Global Cancer Conference will have three days of discussions on methods and strategies related to management, quality improvement of Cancer as well as to explore the new ideas and concepts on global scale and the topics include lung cancer, breast cancer, bone cancer, blood cancer, cervical cancer, colon-rectum cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer [100-112].

Novel Technologies in Lung Cancer

As the Lung Cancer have turned out to be more common, there are numerous experts who are trained particularly in detecting, treating and guiding the prevention of Lung cancer and these experts are well known as Pulmonologist [113-125]. Molecular profiling, including the profiling of qualities and proteins, to guide treatment may enhance the clinical result in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Microarray techniques that profile the expression of a large number of genes simultaneously can quantify this lung cancer heterogeneity across the globe [126-135]. Gene-expression profiles associated with subtypes of non-little cell lung cancer and with reduced recurrence-free or general survival of patients have been identified.

Profiling of genomic and mRNA expression gives an inadequate picture of the heterogeneity of non-little cell lung cancer. Levels of mRNA don't generally associate with protein levels and don't give information on protein-protein interactions or post-translational changes, for example, phosphorylation that might be critical for controlling protein activity. In this manner, protein-based profiling is probably going to be essential in complexity of protein signaling systems and developing molecular signatures that determines a reaction to treatment [136-140].

Conclusion

Lung disease is most conspicuous and prevalent in the USA. Numerous advanced technologies have been developed to decrease the mortality rate because of Lung cancer. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene modifications occur in various human cancers; thusly, the recognition of EGFR mutations could prompt to early cancer detection of EGFR mutations [141-145]. In contrast with direct DNA sequencing detection method, this technique depends on allele-specific amplification (ASA), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), peptide nucleic acid (PNA), and SYBR Green I (SYBR), referred to as the AS-RPA-PNA-SYBR (ARPS) system [146-148]. All this information can be retrieved in open access health care literature which shows the novel techniques and innovative researches taking place in the area of lung diseases. Many professionals share their views; suggestions through the open access literature which can be accessed by all in order attain knowledge on lung diseases. Although lung disease is the major cause for deaths in USA, the developed technologies, awareness through the literature have given hope to the patients for reducing the mortality rate [149-155].

References

1. Mathioudakis A, Hardavella G. From Lung Cancer Screening to Targeted Therapies: The Endless Race against Lung Cancer Morbidity and Mortality. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:e101.
2. Das S, et al. A Prospective Study to Evaluate Clinical Radiation Induced Pneumonitis in Lung Cancer Patients and its Dose Response Relationship with Radiotherapy. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:101.
3. Agarwal A, et al. To Stent or not to Stent and if Stented When to Remove it? Glimpse of Interventional Pulmonology Conundrums with an Illustrative Series. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:102.
4. Kotecki N, et al. Contribution of Next-generation Sequencing in a Case of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma with Pulmonary Lesions. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:103.
5. Pezzella F. Cancer and Blood Vessels: A Complex Relationship. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:104.
6. Akcay S and Er Dedekarginoglu B. Smoking Cessation in Lung Cancer. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:105.
7. Malshe AG. Hydrogen ion/Proton Dynamics: A Possible Therapeutic Approach in Malignancy Treatment. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016; 5:1.
8. Shin DG, et al. A Methylation Profile of Circulating Cell Free DNA for the Early Detection of Gastric Cancer and the Effects after Surgical Resection. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016;5:1.
9. Romeira D, et al. Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Axillary Lymph Node Positivity: A Systematic Review. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016; 5:2.
10. Norollahi SE, et al. The Role of MicroRNAs in Cancer Progression. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016;5:2.
11. Kumar R, et al. Quantum Magnetic Resonance Therapy: Targeting Biophysical Cancer Vulnerabilities to Effectively Treat and Palliate. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016;5:2.
12. Parvathi MVS, et al. Micro RNA-142-5p Profile as a Predictor of Tumor Markers Regulation in Different Histological Grades of Human Breast Carcinoma. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2016;5:2.
13. Xu Y, et al. Early Changes in 2D-Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography may Predict a Decrease in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Lymphoma Patients Undergoing Anthracycline Chemotherapy: A Pilot Study. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:1.
14. Mushtaq M. Choriocarcinoma Presenting as Intracerebral Haemorrhage and No Evident Primary: Rare Presentation. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:1.
15. Kotb AF and Attia D .Correlation between the Presentation of Renal Cell Carcinoma and its Prognosis. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:1.
16. Karimi A, et al. Challenges in Diagnose and Management of Ameloblastic Carcinoma: A Report of Three Cases. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:2.
17. Yousef YA, et al. External Beam Radiation Therapy for Retinoblastoma Resistant to Chemotherapy and Focal Treatment: Outcome and Predictive Factors. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:2.
18. Kuperman VY, et al. Evaluation of Automatic and Manual Contouring of Cranial Structures. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:3.
19. Brown MA, et al. Developing Research Networks to Enhance Cross-Mentoring and Representation of Women in Clinical and Experimental Oncology. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:3.
20. Slaoui W, et al. Unusual Ulcerated Nodules of Scalp with Histological Proof of Cutaneous Metastasis Derived from Prostate Cancer: Report of a Case J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:3.
21. Mandal S, et al. A Case of Multiple Myeloma Presenting with Plasmacytoma of Body of Sphenoid Bone: A Case Report J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:3.
22. Der EM, et al. Malignant Tumours of the Female Genital Tract: A 10-Year Histopathological Review at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital 2002-2011. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:4.
23. Gong Z, et al. Effect of Vaccination with Different Types and Dosages against a Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus Strain. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:4.
24. Brahmbhatt MM, et al. Highly Complex Chromosomal Rearrangements in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: An Indian Experience. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:4
25. Tilakaratne WM, et al. Demographic and Histopathological Differences of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Analysis of 4394 Cases from Sri Lanka. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2015;4:4.
26. Atalay C, et al. Impact of Loco-Regional Under-treatment in Elderly Patients with Early Breast Cancer Protocol Yameka-09sdlt; Multi-Centric Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:1
27. Akbayir S, et al. Evaluation of Plasma microRNA Expression Levels in Early Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:1.
28. Kamra HT, et al. Metaplastic Carcinoma of Breast with an Intracanalicular Fibrodenoma-A Rare Case Report. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:1.
29. Edmiston R, et al. Solitary Fibrous Tumour of the Sinonasal Cavity – Case Report of Endoscopic Resection Using Coblation. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:1
30. De Iuliis F, et al. Unexpected Vocal Cord Paralysis and Myasthenia Gravis in a Patient with Squamous Cell Lung Cancer. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:2.
31. Kassim YL, et al. Biomimetic Three Dimensional Cell Culturing: Colorectal Cancer Micro-Tissue Engineering. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:2
32. Özyörük D, et al. A Case of a Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma In Situ in a 4 Year Old Child.. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:2.
33. Foroughi F and Hosseini H .Small Intestinal Obstruction due to Metastasis from Marjolin’s Ulcer: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:3.
34. Çetin B, et al. Peroxidation Products and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Multinodular Goiter and Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patients. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:3.
35. Hayashi T, et al. A Diagnostic Biomarker: Differential Expression of LMP2/ß1i in Human Uterine Neoplasms. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:3.
36. Fotopoulos G, et al. Comparative Observational Study of Two Ethnic Population Groups of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:3.
37. Yonemura Y, et al. Mechanisms of the Formation of Peritoneal Surface Malignancy on Omental Milky Spots from Low Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Carcinoma. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:4.
38. Rathod GB, et al. Tumoral Calcinosis on Right Knee in 26 Years Old Male: A Rare Case Report. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:4
39. Maite LD, et al. Atipic Axillary Mass: Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma within Castleman’s Disease: A Case Report and Review of Literature. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2014;3:4.
40. Lambert K and Mokbel K .Ductal Carcinoma In-Situ: An Editorial. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2012; 2:1.
41. Asuquo ME, et al. Giant Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland: A Case Report and Review of Literature. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2012;2:1
42. Amanullah M, et al. Safety Aspects in Treatment of Cancer by Carbamate Insecticides as Measured by Osmotic Fragility of Erythrocytes. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2012;2:1.
43. Coyne CP, et al. Gemcitabine-C4-amide-[anti-HER2/neu] Anti-Neoplastic Cytotoxicity in Dual Combination with Mebendazole against Chemotherapeutic-Resistant Mammary Adenocarcinoma. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2013;2:2.
44. Seyedmajidi M and Foroughi R. Central Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma–A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2013;2:2
45. Caudron A, et al. Elastography as a New Screening Tool for Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Melanoma Patients. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2013;2:3.
46. Niu J, et al. Lung Adenocarcinoma Presenting with WDHA Syndrome and Marie-Bamberger Syndrome: A Case Report. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2013;2:3.
47. Singh GK, et al. p53 Gene Inactivation Modulate Methylenetetrahydrofolate C677T Gene Polymorphism Associated Risk Factor for the Development of Cervical Carcinoma - A Tissue Specific Genetic Heterogeneity. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2013;2:3.
48. Shelly A, et al. Encapsulated Minimally Invasive Epimyoepithelial Carcinoma of Submandibular Gland - A New Entity?? With Review of Literature. J Clin Exp Oncol. 2013;2:4.
49. Kinoshita S, et al. Clinicopathological Assessment of Patients with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer with 10 or More Lymph Node Metastases. Breast Can Curr Res. 2016;1:107
50. Sandra SH, et al. Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast: A Review of 35 Cases at a Single Institution. Breast Can Curr Res. 2016;1:105.
51. Meredith I, et al. Mammographic Surveillance after Breast Reconstruction-Is Imaging Necessary?. Breast Can Curr Res. 2016;1:106
52. Rahmani S, et al. The Clinical and Histopathological Significance of Performing Surgical Cavity Random Biopsy in Breast Conserving Surgery on Disease Course and Local Recurrence. Breast Can Curr Res. 2016; 1:104
53. Smichkoska S and Lazarova E. Long Term Trastuzumab in Metastatic Setting of the Patients with HER2 Positive Breast Cancer. J Blood Lymph. 2016;1:103.
54. Khawaja S, et al. A Comparison Between Oncoplastic Breast Conserving Surgery and Standard Wide Local Excision: A UK Experience. J Blood Lymph. 2015;1:102.
55. Andres Gomez .The Mammi Breast Pet. A New Weapon for the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer. J Blood Lymph. 2015;1:e102
56. Carmichael AR, et al. What is the Impact of Lifestyle on the Incidence of Cancer? J Blood Lymph. 2015; 1:e101
57. Singh A and Arora D. A Case of Breast Cancer Recurrence at the“Match Line”. J Blood Lymph. 2015;1:101.
58. Andres Gomez .The Mammi Breast Pet. A New Weapon for the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer. J Blood Lymph. 2015;1:e102
59. Singh A and Arora D .A Case of Breast Cancer Recurrence at the“Match Line”. J Blood Lymph. 2015;1:101.
60. Khawaja S, et al. A Comparison between Oncoplastic Breast Conserving Surgery and Standard Wide Local Excision: A UK Experience. J Blood Lymph. 2015;1:102.
61. Smichkoska S and Lazarova E. Long Term Trastuzumab in Metastatic Setting of the Patients with HER2 Positive Breast Cancer. J Blood Lymph. 2016;1:103.
62. Bisen PS.Nutritional Therapy as a Potent Alternate to Chemotherapy against Cancer. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2016;8:e135
63. Geleta B, et al. N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene NDRG: Role in Cancer Metastasis Suppression and as Drug Target in Cancer Therapeutics. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2016;8:154-159.
64. Geleta B, et al. Cyclic Dependent Kinase CDK: Role in Cancer Pathogenesis and as Drug Target in Cancer Therapeutics. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2016;8:160-167.
65. Murugan NJ, et al. Differentiation of Malignant Compared to Non-Malignant Cells by Their Bio- Photon Emissions May Only Require a Specific Filter around 500 nm. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2016;8:168-169
66. Khalid A and Javaid MA .Matrix Metalloproteinases: New Targets in Cancer Therapy. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2016;8:143-15.
67. Ahmad A, et al. Kras, Braf, PIK3CA and EGFR Gene Mutations are Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis and Right Sided Colon Carcinoma. J Cancer Sci Ther . 2016;8:122-129.
68. Álvarez-Bañuelos MT, et al. Prognostic Factors Associated with Survival in Women with Breast Cancer from Veracruz, Mexico. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2016;8:092-098.
69. Gayatri Devi V, et al. Therapeutic Potentials of CD151 shRNA in Targeting Metastasis of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231. J Cancer Sci Ther . 2016;8:104-112.
70. Tot T and Gere M. Radiologically Unifocal Invasive Breast Carcinomas: Large-Section Histopathology Correlate and Impact on Surgical Management. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2016;8:050-054.
71. García-Novoa A and Acea-Nebril B. Controversies in Axillary Treatment of Breast Cancer Patients and Metastatic Sentinel Lymph Node. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2016;8:066-068.
72. Peterson HE, et al. Stereotactic Radiosurgery is a Safe and Effective Method of Prolonging Survival and Managing Symptoms in Patients with Brainstem Metastases J Cancer Sci Ther. 2015;7:192-197.
73. Al-Amoudi SM .Cancer Diagnosis: Who has the Right to Know? J Womens Health, Issues Care. 2013;2:3.
74. Black HS. Biophysical Contributions and Challenges in Oncology. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:e111.
75. Carr BI, et al. A Liver Index and its Relationship to Indices of HCC Aggressiveness. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:178.
76. Debta P. Perspectives of Integrative Oncology J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:179.
77. Al Bandar MH, et al. Impact of Preoperative Chemo-radiation Therapy on Systemic Failure in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:180.
78. Wasniewski T, et al. Lysophosphatidic Acid- A Target in Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer Therapy. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:181.
79. Rucinska M, et al. Quality of Life and Sexual Activity after Stereotactic ypofractionated Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer Patients. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:173.
80. Heidari A. Linear and Non-Linear Quantitative Structure-Anti-Cancer-Activity Relationship QSACAR Study of Hydrous Ruthenium IV Oxide RuO2 Nanoparticles as Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors NNRTIs and Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:e110.
81. Eugeniu B, et al. Dynamic Changes of Molecular Markers during Natural History in Metastatic Melanoma: Ethical Issues and Lessons to Learn. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:176.
82. Maciej P, et al. Mandibular Reconstruction with Osteo-cutaneous Free Flaps in a Patient after Extensive Surgery Supported with 3D Printed Models. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:177.
83. Filho RSO, et al. Main Barriers in Control of Energy-Protein Deficit in Critical Oncologic Patient at Nutritional Risk. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:156.
84. Mastrangelo D, et al. The Cure from Nature: The Extraordinary Anticancer Properties of Ascorbate Vitamin C. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:157.
85. Lai-Tiong F. Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: An Oncology-Day Unit Experience. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:158.
86. Mukherjee G, et al. Analysis of Clinico-Pathological Characteristics of Indian Breast Cancers Shows Conservation of Specific Features in the Hormone Receptor Sub-Types. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:159.
87. Giulio GM, et al. Local Resections and Prosthetic Reconstructions in Solitary Bone Metastases of the Limbs According to Histotypes. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:161.
88. Couderc AL, et al. Prognostic Factors in Elderly Patients with Multiple Myeloma Treated with Weekly Bortezomib. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:162.
89. Cheng Q, et al. Meta-analysis of CXCR7 Expression Related to Clinical Prognosis in Cancers. J Integr Oncol. 2016;5:163.
90. Pinho L, et al. Molecular Targets in Lung Cancer Therapy: A Current Review. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:148.
91. Chang H, et al. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Three Cycles or More Improve Survival of Patients with N2-3 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:149.
92. Alvarez AM, et al. Primary cns Lymphoma: Analysis of Treatment by Gamma- Knife Radiosurgery and Chemotherapy in a Prospective, Observational Study. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:150.
93. AlOtaibi SM, et al. Functional Assessment of Quality of Life Using EORTC QLQ-CR29 in Patients with Colon Cancer at King Abdulaziz University Hospital. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:151.
94. Gupta AA, et al. Unconventional Causes of Conventional Oral Cancer. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:152.
95. Choe EK and Kang HY. The Serum Carcinoembryonic Antigen is Associated with HbA1c in Korean Non-Smokers. J Integr Oncol. 2015; 4:153.
96. Huang C, et al. The Association between mrna Expression Levels of Ephx1 and Prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:154.
97. Kawata N, et al. Kidney Clamp by Using Intestinal Forceps during Nephron Sparing Surgery. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:155.
98. Tabouret E, et al. Bevacizumab Trough Concentration in Recurrent Glioblastoma Patients. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:138.
99. Koppaka D, et al. Impact of Integrating Pet-Ct in Radiotherapy Planning of Non-small Cell Carcinoma Lung: Dosimetric and Radiobiological Comparison. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:139.
100. Mrutyunjaya M, et al. A Rare Case of Gorhams Disease of the Third Finger Managed by Surgical Reconstruction. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:140.
101. Trivedi MK, et al. The Potential Impact of Biofield Treatment on Human Brain Tumor Cells: A Time-Lapse Video Microscopy. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:141.
102. Coffer LW, et al. Evaluation of Active Hexose Correlated Compound Ahcc on Phase Ii Drug Metabolism Pathways and the Implications for Supplement-Drug Interactions. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:142.
103. Di Nardo P, et al. Real Benefit of Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy in Elderly and Impaired Patients: a Retrospective Analysis. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:143.
104. Mercadal S, et al. Long Term Remission of a Primary Intracerebral Hodgkin Lymphoma in a Patient Previously Treated With Azathioprine. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:144.
105. Giulio M, et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Antiblastic Loaded Polymethyl Methacrylate Pmma for the Management of Bone Metastasis: a Literature Review. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:146.
106. Zhang T, et al. Down-Regulated Mir-22 as Predictive Biomarkers for Prognosis of Cervical Cancer. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:145.
107. Black HS. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: The Cancer Connection. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:e108.
108. Wang G. Positron Emission Tomography Plays a More Important Role in Health Care . J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:134.
109. Fotakopoulos G, et al. New Developments in Management of Meningioma . J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:135.
110. Ungari AQ, et al. Cost Evaluation of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treatment in the Brazilian Public Healthcare System. J Integr Oncol. 2015;4:136.
111. Abdulrahman GOJ. Targeted Therapies in the Management of Breast Cancer. J Integr Oncol. 2015; 4:137.
112. Zhang X, et al. Assessment of Dong Quai Hepatic Metabolism and Potential Interactions when Combined with Chemotherapy. J Integr Oncol. 2013;2:108.
113. Bedi M, et al. Tumor Increase on MRI after Neoadjuvant Treatment is Associated with Greater Pathologic Necrosis and Poor Survival in Patients with Soft Tissue Sarcoma. J Integr Oncol. 2013;2:109.
114. Smith JA. What’s in a Dose? Evaluating the Herbal and Nutritional Supplement Pre-Clinical Literature. J Integr Oncol. 2013;2:e106.
115. Lai Y and Lai J. Severe Liver Toxicity in a Lung Cancer Patient Treated with Erlotinib: A Case Report and Literature Review. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2016;8:268-273.
116. Vidal C, et al. Elevated Mitochondrial and Heme Function as Hallmarks for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers. J Mol Biomark Diagn. 2016;7:305.
117. Louis R, et al. Metabolic Phenotyping of Blood Plasma by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Discriminate between Colorectal Cancer, Breast Cancer and Lung Cancer. Metabolomics Los Angel. 2016; 6:187.
118. Mathioudakis A and Hardavella G. From Lung Cancer Screening to Targeted Therapies: The Endless Race against Lung Cancer Morbidity and Mortality. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:e101.
119. Das S, et al. A Prospective Study to Evaluate Clinical Radiation Induced Pneumonitis in Lung Cancer Patients and its Dose Response Relationship with Radiotherapy. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:101.
120. Agarwal A, et al. To Stent or not to Stent and if Stented When to Remove it? Glimpse of Interventional Pulmonology Conundrums with an Illustrative Series. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:102.
121. Kotecki N, et al. Contribution of Next-generation Sequencing in a Case of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma with Pulmonary Lesions. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:103.
122. Pezzella F. Cancer and Blood Vessels: A Complex Relationship. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016;1:104.
123. Akcay S and Er Dedekarginoglu B. Smoking Cessation in Lung Cancer. J Lung Cancer Diagn Treat. 2016; 1:105.
124. Bisen PS. Experimental and Computational Approaches in Leveraging Natural Compounds for Network based Anti-cancer Medicine. Cancer Med Anticancer Drug. 2016;1:e103.
125. Ahmed OM. Relationships between Oxidative Stress, Cancer Development and Therapeutic Interventions. Cancer Med Anticancer Drug. 2016;1:e104.
126. Albushra Y. Challenges and Questions in the Management of Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Med Anticancer Drug. 2016;1:104.
127. Bajic JE, et al. Neuroimmunological Manifestations of Chemotherapy Exposure: Implications for Mucositis, Glia and Cognition. Cancer Med Anticancer Drug. 2016;1:105.
128. Bisen PS. Therapeutic and Preventive Potential of Functional Food and Cancer. Cancer Med Anticancer Drug. 2016;1:e101.
129. Uyanikgil Y, et al. Effects of Pineal Gland Neurohormone Melatonin on Cancer Cells in the Human Central Nervous System. Cancer Med Anticancer Drug. 2016;1:e102.
130. Kabel AM, et al. Ameliorative Potential of Tamoxifen/Thymoquinone Combination in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Study. Cancer Med Anticancer Drug. 2016;1:102.
131. Yue J, et al. Applications of CRSIPR/Cas9 in Cancer Research. Cancer Med Anticancer Drug. 2016;1:103.
132. Khan F, et al. Periphreal T-Cell Lymphoma not otherwise specified PTCL-NOS Variety in A 58 Year Old Male Patient in Oncology Ward J.P.M.C. Karachi: A Case Report. Tumor Res. 2016;2:107.
133. Ahmad A, et al. Prognostic Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor +936C/T Polymorphism on Tumor Growth Pattern and Survival in Patients Diagnosed with Colon Carcinoma. J Tumor Res. 2016;2:108.
134. Rihan FA, et al. Dynamics of Tumor-Immune System with Fractional-Order. J Tumor Res. 2016;2:109.
135. Elbasateeny SS, et al. Diagnostic Discrimination of Fine Needle Aspiration Specimens of Hepatic Nodules using Immunohistochemical Expression of GPC3 and EZH2. J Tumor Res. 2016;2:110.
136. Kandesar P, et al. Perspective of Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia MFH for the Treatment of Tumor. Tumor Res. 2016;2:111.
137. de Melo AC, et al. Long-Term Survival of a Patient with Angiosarcoma Treated with Tailored Paclitaxel – A Case Report. J Tumor Res. 2016;2:112.
138. Mo Z, et al. Esophagus Metastasis Secondary to Extranodal Nk/T Cell Lymphoma Nasal Type: A Case Report. Tumor Diag Rep. 2015;1:101.
139. Gogoi G, et al. Diverse Diagnosis of a Single Sinonasal Mass and how was Mystery Solved. J Tumor Diag Rep. 2015;1:102.
140. Francisco JL, et al. Multifocal Angiosarcoma of the Scalp: Review of the Literature and Report of Two Cases. J Tumor Diag Rep. 2015;1:103.
141. Bassem R, et al. Unusual Presentation of a Primary Pericardial Malignant Mesothelioma: Constrictive Pericarditis A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Tumor Diag Rep. 2015;1:104.
142. Chiang HH, et al. Successful Excision of a 710 gram Intrathoracic Thyroid Carcinoma – A Very Rare Case. Tumor Res. 2016;2:105.
143. Wang T, et al. Multidisciplinary Management of a Rare Case of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma with Cardiac, Pulmonary, Liver, Adrenal Gland and Brain Metastasis. J Tumor Res. 2016;2:106.
144. Manasa P. Epigenetics – Role as Biomarker in Cancer Diagnosis. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1: r001.
145. Haggag R, et al. Prognostic Role of H3K9 Methyltransferase G9a and Sprouty 1 in Colorectal Carcinoma. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1:111.
146. Attia TH. Childhood Cancer Care in Developing Countries; Challenge. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1:e101
147. Priyanka D. Targeted Therapies in Cancer. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1:e102.
148. Nguyen SN. Case Report: Wilms’ Tumor. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2015;1:101.
149. Nebigil CG, et al. Quo Vadis, Cardio-Oncology?. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1:102.
150. Atliine EI, et al. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase ALK Rearrangement and EGFR Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1:103.
151. Llueca A, et al. Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of Cervix: Radical Trachelectomy to Preserve the Fertility. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1:104.
152. Rios SSD, et al. Wearing a Tight Bra for Many Hours a Day is Associated with Increased Risk of Breast Cancer. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1: 105.
153. El-Moselhy EA, et al. Cervical Cancer: Sociodemographic and Clinical Risk Factors among Adult Egyptian Females. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1:106.
154. Haggag R, et al. Study of Plasma Endostatin Level in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1:107.
155. Sameer H, et al. Huge Bilateral Mature Cystic Teratoma in Adolescence: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Adv Oncol Res Treat. 2016;1:108.