International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology
MenuISSN ONLINE(2319-8753)PRINT(2347-6710)
ISSN ONLINE(2319-8753)PRINT(2347-6710)
| Prof. Nitinchandra R. Patel1, Avinash Vasava2, Jalesh G. Vasava³, Alpesh V. Kunapara4, Savan D.Patel5 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, G. H. Patel college of Engineering & technology, Vallabh vidyanagar,Gujarat, India1 Final year student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, G. H. Patel college of Engineering & technology, Vallabh vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 2,3,4,5 |
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The current phase of times is experiencing problems in proper piping system. It is necessary in industries like chemical, pharmaceutical, fertilizer for maintaining current situation in competitive world. For piping system, here a small move towards is focused on pipe analysis of different pipe materials. This paper consists of analysis of pipe flow by considering stresses induced in the materials of different standards. We have analysed different type of materials with the help of working medium as water at normal temperature. For particular selected condition, analytical calculation is done to find out the thickness, tangential stresses and radial stresses induced in pipe.
Keywords |
| Pipe design, Analysis in Ansys, Optimum thickness, Best material evaluation. |
INTRODUCTION |
| The pipes are used for transporting various fluid like water, steam, different type of gases, oil and other chemical with or without pressure from one place to another place. Cast iron, wrought iron, steel, and brass are the material generally used for pipes in engineering practice. The fluid to be conveyed in pipes whose temperature to be varied but the annual average temperature is 35 °C while the relative humidity varies generally from 70% during the day to 90% at night. The temperature of potable water to be conveyed in the pipelines will be about 30° C. The pipes used in petroleum industry are generally seamless pipes made of heat resistance chrome molybdenum alloy steel. Such type of pipe can resist pressure more than 4Nmm2 and temperatures greater than 440.c. |
| The pipes for a particular use cannot be made of desired length. Therefore pipes of standard length are taken and joined together with the help of pipe joints of different types. Pipes and pipeline components, including their protective coatings and joint materials, that will or may come into contact with potable water shall not constitute a toxic hazard; shall not support microbial growth; shall not cause taste or odour, cloudiness or discoloration of the water. There are different shape and materials to be used for conveying fluid material. The joints to be used in piping system are one of the part of pipe which are used for changing direction or distributor. |
| Pipes are the most delicate components in any process plant. They are also the busiest entities. They are subjected to almost all kinds of loads, intentional or unintentional. It is very important to take note of all potential loads that a piping system would encounter during operation as well as during other stages in the life cycle of a process plant. Ignoring any such load while designing, erecting, hydro-testing, start-up shut-down, normal operation, maintenance etc. can lead to inadequate design and engineering of a piping system. The system may fail on the first occurrence of this overlooked load. Failure of a piping system may trigger a Domino effect and cause a major disaster. We have analyzed different type of materials with the help of working medium as water at normal temperature. For particular selected condition, analytical calculation is done to find out the thickness, tangential stresses and radial stresses induced in pipe. Accordingly we can evaluate better material for the piping system. It will be helpful in putting forward the piping system as good as possible. Further we have compared the result obtained from analytical calculation by using MATLAB programming and analysis done by Ansys, a CAD software. Here, it is assumed that the pipe is subjected to internal pressure and therefore tangential and radial stresses are induced. In case of thick wall cylinder the tangential stress has higher magnitude at inner surface and gradually decreases towards the outer surface. Along with this radial stress has significant magnitude so it is considered to be a case of thick cylinder. |
II. DESIGN FORMULATION |
| A. STRESS IN PIPES |
| ï Tangential stress at any radius x, According to Lame`s equation |
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| ï Radial Stress at any radius x, |
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| ï Maximum tangential Stress at any inner surface of the Pipe |
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| ï Minimum tangential Stress at any outer surface of the Pipe |
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| ï Maximum radial stress at inner Surface |
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| ï Minimum Radial Stress at the outer surface of the Pipe |
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| B. WALL THICKNESS OF THE PIPE |
| ï According to thick cylindrical formula (Lame`s Equation) |
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| ï A little consideration will show that the thickness of pipe wall as obtained by above equation is too small. Therefore for the design of pipes, a certain constant is added to the above equation, final thickness will be…. |
| T = t + C |
| Here C = Weisback constant. |
| T = Final thickness of pipe |
| t = thickness of pipe |
| p = Internal fluid Pressure in the pipe |
| ri = Inner radius of the pipe ro= outer radius of the pipe |
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III. FLOW CHART FOR MATLAB PROGRAMMING |
| Calculation for all selected materials is done by manually as well using MATLAB tool. MATLAB program is made by using following flow chart. In this calculation inner radius, temperature of medium, and pressure of flowing fluid is taken constant for all the materials for comparison of the thickness and stresses induced in it. For all the different material taken here, the value of allowable tensile strength varies and accordingly we get various thicknesses for each material. Further in between outer and iner radius, for different random distances the value of induced stresses (radial and tangential) is calculated. |
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IV. RESULT & ANALYSIS WITH DISCUSSION |
| TABLE: 1 SUMMARY OF CALCULATED VALUES |
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| We can observe from the calculated values and graph of the thickness v/s allowable tangential stress that as the value of allowable tangential tensile stress increases, thickness decreases respectively. It means as the value of allowable tangential stress is high, we requires low thickness of the pipe. As thickness decreases pipe will be light in weight and becomes less costly as material requirement is low. |
| A. ANALITYCAL ANALYSIS |
| The following results are obtained from analytical data. It is said that as per theoretical information of the design of the pipe, the tangential stress is maximum at the inner surface and minimum at the outer surface and the radial stress is maximum at the inner surface of the pipe and the zero at the outer surface of the pipe. We can see this reality in graphs obtained that as thickness increases tangential stress is decreases as well as radial stress is also decreases and tends to zero at outer surface of the pipe. |
| If we change the working medium, internal pressure, flow discharge and internal radius of the pipe, the nature of stress distribution curve will be same as we are getting the values here for particular material. For any materials metallic or non-metallic materials the nature of stress distribution curve wiil be same.Following graphs related to strees v/s thickness are plotted as per MATLAB programming for above different material. |
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| B. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS |
| For all the material of pipe as shown in below figures maximum tangential stress is at inner side of the shown by red part and minimum tangential stress is at outer side of the pipe shown by blue colored part we can see from the analysis image of this pipe that as per the theoretical reality from inner side to outer side of the pipe the tangential stress is continuously decreasing. Here the thickness of the pipe varies from material to material. |
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V. CONCLUSION |
| In thick pipes the stress over the section of the walls are uniformly distributed as we can see in our analytic data and the graphical images. They develop both tangential and radial stresses with values which are dependent upon the radius of the element under consideration. From the calculated data we can see that the maximum tangential stress is at the inner radius and the minimum tangential stress at the outer surface, accordingly we can compare and see this reality by graphical figure and the graph of stress analysis. The radial stress is maximum at inner side of the pipe diameter and outer side radial stress is zero. The maximum radial stress for all the materials is same as the internal working medium pressure is same for all the materials. |
| From analytical and graphical method, we get maximum tangential stress 502.5124 N/mm2 for Titanium (grade-2) and minimum tangential stress 14.0703 N/mm2 for cast iron pipe at inner radius 100 mm. also we get maximum tangential stress 497.5124 N/mm2 for Titanium (grade-2) and minimum tangential stress 9.0703 N/mm2 for cast iron pipe at outer radius. As we can see from the comparison graph of different materials (allowable stresses v/s thickness of the pipe), as the allowable stress value increases the thickness value of the pipe decreases this means that the pipe required for that material will be of less thickness and serves same purpose without failure. We get maximum thickness for cast iron as 45.29 mm and minimum thickness for Titanium as 1.0 mm. As thickness increases the pipe becomes bulky and uses more metal and may increases the cost that depends on the material. Less thickness is thus preferable for use but the same time we should conclude other physical condition as well as the characteristics of working medium with all the parameters, like for water if we use iron pipe then it may corrode after some time. If we use copper or titanium pipe for long distance piping system it will increase the cost because their cost is higher. So we have to consider cost and application of the pipe for its proper design. |
ACKNOWLEDGMENT |
| We would like to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to PROF. NITINCHANDRA R. PATEL (Department of Mechanical Engineering) of G. H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh vidyanagar for devoting much of his precious & valuable time during the entire research work & for offering numerous suggestions and encouragement thus making this project possible. |
| AVINASH G. VASAVA. (ENRL NO.080110119057) |
| JALESH G. VASAVA (ENRL NO. 080110119059) |
| ALPESH V. KUNAPARA. (ENRL NO.090110119013) |
| SAVAN D. PATEL (ENRL NO. 090110119015) |
References |
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