Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
MenuISSN: 2319-9865
ISSN: 2319-9865
Teklemariam Ergat Yarinbab* and Sileshi Gebremichael Balcha
Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
Received date: 25/04/2018; Accepted date: 11/05/2018; Published date: 17/05/2018
Copyright: ©2018 Yarinbab TE, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Background: Pregnancy and childbirth remain serious life threatening events for women in low income countries. Reducing maternal morbidity and mortality is a global priority health problem. One of the key strategies for reducing maternal morbidity and mortality is increasing institutional delivery service utilization of pregnant women under the care of skilled birth attendants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the delays in utilizing institutional delivery service and its determinants among women who gave birth at public health institutions in Yem Special Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: Health institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in Yem Special Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia. A simple random sampling technique supplemented with Focus Group Discussion was used. Data was collected using pretested structured questionnaires. SPSS version 20.0 was used for Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis. Results: The prevalence of delays in delivery service utilization was 76.3%. The mean time delay to utilize institutional delivery service was 5 (+3.08) hours. Low educational status of women (AOR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.47), Parity (AOR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.57, 5.44) and Husbands decision (AOR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.95) were found to be significantly associated with delay to utilize institutional delivery services. Conclusion: Low educational status of women, parity, not being ready to give birth in health facility and husband’s decision making were found to be determinants of delay to utilize institutional delivery services.
Delays, Delivery service utilization, Yem Special Woreda, Ethiopia
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio, EDHS: Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey, FGD: Focus Group Discussion, FMOH: Federal Ministry of Health, MCH: Maternal and Child Health, SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SNNPR: Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region
Institutional delivery service is one of the key and proven interventions to reduce maternal death. It ensures safe birth, reduce both actual and potential complications and maternal death and increase the survival of most mothers and newborns. But most deliveries in developing countries occur at home without skilled birth attendants. The 2014 EDHS report revealed that 83.4% deliveries took place at home whereas only 15.4% of deliveries were institutional [1].
Maternal deaths are strongly associated with delays to utilization of institutional delivery service and inadequate medical care at the time of delivery. Several factors have been identified as barriers to early access to skilled care by women especially in developing countries; these include perceived quality of care at health facility, inadequate number of skilled personnel, geographical inaccessibility and financial constraints, decision making power, awareness on danger sign of pregnancy and benefit of utilizing institutional delivery services [2].
Even with the best possible antenatal care, it is established that delivery could be complicated and timely utilization of institutional delivery service is essential to safe delivery care [3]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the delays in utilization of institutional delivery service and its determinants in Yem Special Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia.
Study Area and Period
The study was conducted in Yem Special Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia, from February 03, 2018 to February 28, 2018. Yem Special Woreda is located 297 km southwest of Addis Ababa. It has three towns and 34 kebeles (the smallest administrative units) with an estimated population of 99,714. Of these 50,854 were male whereas 48,860 were females (Projected from 2007 National Census). There were six Health Centres namely Fofa Health Centre, Semonam Health Centre, Saja Health Centre, Toba Health Centre, Deri Health Centre and Gesi Health Centre. Besides, there were 27 Health Posts in the Woreda.
Study Design
Health institution based cross sectional study design was used.
Inclusion
All women who visited the six health centres for delivery service were included.
Exclusion
All women who were severely sick and unable to respond during data collection period and women who utilized maternal waiting home were excluded.
For Quantitative Study
The sample size was calculated using single population proportion formula. The prevalence of first delays in utilizing institutional delivery service 37% (P=0.37) [4], 5% margin of error, 95% confidence level and 10% non-response rate were considered. Thus, the total sample size was calculated to be 393.
For qualitative study: A total of eight Focus Group Discussions were conducted. Of these; six FGDs were conducted with MCH service user women whereas two FGDs were conducted with service providers in selected two health centres.
For Quantitative Study
The required total sample size was proportionally allocated to the six Health Centers based on their previous three months delivery load. Accordingly, the allocated sample was 94 for Fofa HC, 52 for Semonam HC, 75 for Saja HC, 62 for Toba HC, 56 for Deri HC and 54 for Gesi HC. All pregnant women who utilize institutional delivery service in each health centre during data collection period were included in the study until the required sample size was fulfilled.
For Qualitative Study
Delivery care providers such as nurses and health officers who were working at the public health centres and women who came for MCH services during the data collection period were purposively included in the FGDs. Participants interviewed in the quantitative survey were excluded from the FGD.
For Quantitative Study
Pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The instrument was adopted from JHPIEGO tools and indicators for maternal and neonatal health [5]. Seven health professionals and three supervisors including the principal investigators were participated in the data collection. Half a day orientation was given to the data collectors and supervisors on the data collection tools and procedures by the principal investigators.
For Qualitative Study
Semi-structured FGD topic guide was used to facilitate the discussion. Each of eight FGDs had 6-12 participants and a total of 72 participants (i.e., 59 service users and 13 service providers) were involved. Each FGD spend 45-60 min. Written notes were taken and all the discussions were tape recorded.
Data Quality Control
The questionnaires were translated from English into the local language (Amharic) & vice versa. A pre-test was conducted on 5% of the sample. Data collectors were well trained. Daily supervision was conducted by the field supervisors and investigators. Supervisors used to check all procedures and completeness of formats randomly. Data were checked before entry. Qualitative records were transcribed carefully in themes and interpreted.
For Quantitative Study
Data was analyzed by SPSS for windows version 20. Bivariate logistic regression model was fitted as a primary method of analysis. Then, variables having P-value <0.25 were entered into multivariate logistic regression analysis using the forward LR method. Finally, P-value <0.05 in multivariate analysis was used to declare statistically significant variables.
For Qualitative Study
Written notes from all 8 FGDs were compiled and labelled according to participant’s type. After reviewing individual FGD transcriptions, data was organized according to the themes and summarized manually. The result was presented in narratives triangulated with the quantitative results (Table 1).
| Themes | Categories |
|---|---|
| Delay in seeking care (awareness, cultural and birth preparedness issues) | Awareness on delays and danger sign, birth preparedness issues and role of the mother in decision making |
| Delay in reaching health facility: (accessibility issues related to distance, road, transport availability, and cost of transport) | Distance, poor road condition, lack of public transport, cost of transport, topography of the woreda (mountains) |
| Delay in receiving care (human resources and logistics supply) | Human resource availability, and lack of equipments and supplies |
Table 1. Themes and categories of data of FGD participants in Yem Special Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia, February 2018.
Delays in Utilization of Institutional Delivery Service
Refers to the time taken more than 1 h to make decision to seek care or more than 1 h to reach health facility after making decision or waiting for more than 1 h in health facility to receive delivery care.
Delay in Making Decision to Seek Care
Refers to the time taken ≥ 1 h to make decision to seek care was considered as delay and less than 1 h considered no delay.
Institutional Delivery Utilization
When a mother gave birth at health institution and the delivery was assisted by skilled birth attendant or trained health professional.
Socio Demographic Characteristics
A total of 389 respondents involved in the study yielding 98.9% response rate. The mean age of the study participants was 26 (± 5). Majority of the respondents, 292 (75.1%) were Yem in ethnicity. Orthodox Christian, 204 (52.4%), was the dominant religion. About 306 (78.7%) of mothers were married. Besides, 291 (74.8%) of the study participants were house wife whereas 27 (6.9%) were Government employees. Two hundred nineteen (56.3%) of them cannot read and write (Table 2).
| Variables | Categories | No | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age of mother | 15-19 | 39 | 10 |
| 20-34 | 315 | 81 | |
| > 35 | 35 | 9 | |
| Marital status | Married | 306 | 78.7 |
| unmarried | 83 | 21.3 | |
| Monthly income of HHs (ETB) | < 500 | 306 | 78.7 |
| > 501 | 83 | 21.3 | |
| Educational status of mothers | Illiterate | 219 | 56.3 |
| Can read & write | 82 | 21.1 | |
| Elementary Ed | 67 | 17.2 | |
| High school & above | 19 | 4.9 | |
| Religion | Orthodox | 204 | 52.4 |
| Muslim | 88 | 22.7 | |
| Protestant | 97 | 24.9 | |
| Occupation | House wife | 291 | 74.8 |
| Student | 30 | 7.7 | |
| Merchant | 37 | 9 | |
| Government employee | 27 | 6.9 | |
| Others | 4 | 1 | |
| Ethnicity | Yem | 292 | 75.1 |
| Oromo | 83 | 21.3 | |
| Others | 14 | 3.6 |
Table 2. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents in Yem Special Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia, February 2018.
About 275 (70.7%) of the study participants reported utilization of ANC services. One hundred sixty nine (43.4%) and 142 (36.5%) of study participants faced maternal complications during previous and current pregnancies, respectively. With regard to decisions; 151 (38.8%) of women decide themselves, 151 (38.8%) decide by their husbands and 87 (22.4%) decide by their family members to utilize delivery service (Table 3).
| Variables | Categories | No | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at first marriage (N=358*) | <20 years | 130 | 36.3 |
| 20-24 years | 188 | 52.5 | |
| 25-29 years | 36 | 52.5 | |
| > 30 years | 4 | 1.1 | |
| Age at first pregnancy (N=389) | <20 years | 114 | 29.3 |
| 20-29 years | 274 | 70.4 | |
| > 30 years | 1 | 0.3 | |
| Number of children (N=389) | 1-2 | 179 | 46 |
| 3-4 | 136 | 35 | |
| > 5 | 74 | 19 | |
| ANC service (N=389) | Yes | 275 | 70.7 |
| No | 114 | 29.3 | |
| Number of ANC visit (N=275) | once | 16 | 5.8 |
| twice | 41 | 14.9 | |
| 3 times | 42 | 15.3 | |
| > 4 times | 176 | 64 |
* Not ever married were excluded.
Table 3. Obstetric characteristics of respondents in Yem special woreda, Southwest Ethiopia, February 2018.
Besides, 297 (76.7%) subjects preferred health facility delivery whereas the rest 92 (23.7%) did not prefer the same. The reported reasons for not preferring health facility delivery were 11 (12.1%) fear, 16 (17.6%) lack of money, 40 (44.0%) distance and 24 (26.4%) poor treatment from professionals.
The prevalence of delay to utilization of institutional delivery service in the study area was 76.3% and the mean (± SD) of delay time to utilization of delivery service was 5 (± 3.08) hours. About 172 (44.2%) respondents reported they faced problems on making decisions to utilize delivery services from health facilities. 168 (43.2%) respondents reported that they have transportation problems. The study showed 198(50.9%) travelled on foot, 101 (26%) were carried by wooden stretcher and the rest 90 (23.1%) travelled by car to health facility.
The qualitative result showed that, distance and poor road conditions made it virtually impossible for many pregnant women to reach the health facility. In some instances, inadequate or inappropriate transport made it difficult for women to reach the health facility. In the rural areas, the common means of transport is foot; in hills and mountain districts, people carried pregnant women to the health facility on stretchers. Pregnant women faced difficulties in reaching the health facility, especially at night or during rainy seasons. This is supported by the qualitative finding that a 30 years old woman from “Toba kebele” commented: “...It is particularly difficult if the labour begins at night. There is no transport facility and the way is dark. In such a situation, how can we go to the health facility to utilize delivery service?...” Other participants of the FGDs also further suggested that lack of transport, long distance from facilities and absence of delivery care centres appear to be significant contributory factors for delay to seek delivery services. From the FGDs we understood that, women who travelled the shortest distance had a high chance of attending and coming early to utilize delivery care from health centres whereas women who were travelling long distances had little chance to seek treatment as early as possible.
About 276 (71%) of the respondents reported that they were happy with the service provided and the rest 113 (29%) unhappy. Lack of drug 5 (4.4%) and poor treatment from professional 108 (95.6%) were making them unhappy to the service provided by the health facility. In support of this the qualitative result showed that there were shortages of midwives and staffs high work load in the health facilities. Due to these, the women waited for long time to utilize delivery service after they reached at health facility. The following two participants of the FGDs suggest the same. A 27 years old Nurse, service provider, from ‘Gesi Health Centre’ commented: “Only one Midwife is available in most of the health facilities in the woreda, thus when she is on leave, in training or transferred to another health facility, women cannot get timely delivery service from the health facility. And also when the number of deliveries exceeded ability to provide services and staff members became overburdened.” Besides; A 34 years old, Health officer, from the same health centre said that “The absence of a clear division of roles among staff members who shared responsibility for providing maternal health services further aggravated this situation and affected worker motivation and performance. This condition leads to delays in utilizing delivery service.” Hence, lack of qualified health professionals and absence of clear job divisions among workers contributes for delay in institutional delivery services.
The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Parity or having three or more children, not being prepared for birth, low educational status of mothers, and decisions made by husbands were significantly associated with delay in utilization of institutional delivery services. Accordingly, women whose husbands make decisions were two times (AOR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.0, 3.9) more likely to delay in utilization of institutional delivery services as compared to those who make decisions by themselves. In support of this finding, a 30 years old mother from Gesi kebele said: “Many husbands do not allow their wives to visit the health facility for seeking delivery services because of traditional beliefs. Women cannot ignore their husbands’ decision and cannot express their opinion in the family”. Hence, it is clear that women who make decisions by themselves free of their husbands influence are more likely to use institutional delivery services on time.
The study also revealed that, women who have three or more children are 3 times (AOR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.57, 5.44) more likely to get delay in utilization of institutional delivery services as compared to those who have two or less children (Table 4). A 42 year old woman from Deri kebele commented that “…I have four children. They are students and I am caring about their school. I am a house wife and my husband is a farmer. We are responsible for their school performance and economic issues. We did not have money at hand, so I was late in my last birth while my husband was looking for borrowing money for transportation...” Here, from the opinion of woman above, we can deduce that having more children affects the economy of family and in turn causes delay in institutional delivery service utilization.
| Variables | Categories | Delay to utilize facility delivery | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||
| Occupation | Employed | 14 | 13 | 1 | 1 |
| Unemployed | 283 | 79 | 3.32 (1.50, 7.37) | 2.21 (0.85, 5.78) | |
| Education | Literate | 120 | 50 | 1 | 1 |
| Illiterate | 177 | 42 | 1.76 (1.09, 2.81) | 1.93 (1.08, 3.47)* | |
| Information about benefit of delivery in health facility | Yes | 244 | 87 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 53 | 5 | 3.78 (1.46, 9.76) | 1.47 (0.46, 4.72) | |
| Number of children (parity) | 119 | 60 | 1 | 1 | |
| 178 | 32 | 2.8 (1.72, 4.57) | 2.92 (1.57, 5.44)* | ||
| Readiness to deliver in health institution | Yes | 164 | 82 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 133 | 10 | 6.65 (3.32, 13.33) | 7.18 (2.89, 17.85)* | |
| Know any danger signs of labour | Yes | 241 | 83 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 56 | 9 | 2.14 (1.01, 4.52) | 0.43 (0.09, 1.90) | |
| Prefer health facility delivery | Yes | 217 | 80 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 80 | 12 | 2.46 (1.27, 4.75) | 0.39 (0.14, 1.04) | |
| Distance from health facility | Yes | 83 | 36 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 214 | 56 | 1.66 (1.01, 2.70) | 1.35 (0.76, 2.39) | |
| Health risks during pregnancy | Yes | 217 | 79 | 1 | 1 |
| No | 80 | 13 | 2.2 (1.18, 4.25) | 2.73 (0.82, 9.09) | |
| Decision maker | Women | 104 | 47 | 1 | 1 |
| Husband | 119 | 32 | 1.68 (0.99, 2.83) | 2.08 (1.09, 3.95)* | |
| Family | 74 | 13 | 2.57 (1.30, 5.09) | 1.52 (0.63, 3.67) | |
| Family monthly income | > 1000 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
| 501-999 | 59 | 16 | 11.06 (2.03, 60.13) | 23.27 (3.48, 155.44)* | |
| <500 | 236 | 70 | 10.11(1.99, 51.23) | 10.58 (1.74, 3.47) |
*P-value<0.05.
Table 4. Determinants of delay in utilization of institutional delivery service in Yem Special Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia, February 2018.
The study assessed delays in utilization of delivery services and its determinants. The prevalence of delays in delivery service utilization was 76.3%. This finding was higher than the finding from a study in rural Bangladesh [6]. This might be due to the existence of differences in accessibility of health facilities and delivery service utilization culture of the community.
Regarding physical access to health facility, about 69.4% were found to have no access to health facility or live in a walking distance of greater than 1 h and the mean walking distance from their homes was 2 h. This finding was slightly higher than findings from studies in selected developing countries by Babinard [7]. The possible reason may be large distances between health institutions due to the sparse pattern of the population in the study area. Besides, this finding was consistent with findings from the 2011 EDHS report in which 66% of mothers did not have access to or live in a walking distance of more than 1 h from institutional delivery services in Ethiopia [8]. This is supported by findings from the qualitative study in that most of the participants said they walk a long distance to reach health facilities.
Besides, the study revealed that 34.7% of the mothers waited for more than 1 h to utilize institutional delivery service after they arrived at health facility. This finding was higher than the findings from a study in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia [4]. The qualitative finding showed that long time admission process, staffs work load and lack of supplies were the main reasons for third delay to utilize institutional delivery service at health facilities.
Further the study showed that women whose husbands make decisions were two times more likely to delay in utilization of institutional delivery services as compared those make decisions by themselves. This finding is consistent with the findings from studies in rural Bangladesh and Bahir Dar Ethiopia [4,6]. This also was supported by the qualitative findings in that most of the participants of the FGDs argued that male dominance for decision and not being prepared for delivery was the main reasons for delays in utilizing delivery services. The participants also added unless labour is complicated husbands would not allow their wives to visit health facilities.
Delay in utilizing delivery service was seven times more likely among mothers who were not being prepared for institutional delivery as compared to those prepared mothers. This finding was consistent with the cross-sectional study in Kenya and Ethiopia [9,10]. The qualitative study showed that participants did not think it was necessary to go to a health facility for normal delivery unless they experienced a serious problem.
Women who have three or more children were three times more likely to delay in utilization of delivery services as compared to mothers who have two or less children. This finding is consistent with the findings from studies in Bangladesh and Nigeria [11,12]. The possible reason could be the fact that women who have higher parity develop experience and confidence regarding child birth, and hence might delay to utilize delivery services.
On top of this, the study indicated that women with low education status were two times more likely to delay in utilization of institutional delivery services as compared to that of literate women. This finding was consistent with the various studies in Nigeria & Nepal [13]. The reason could be for educated women might have better access to information about the advantages of institutional delivery and pregnancy related complications.
The prevalence of delays in delivery service utilization was 76.3%. Low educational status of women, parity, not being ready to give birth in health facility and husband’s decision making were found to be determinants of delay to utilize institutional delivery services.