E-GOVERNMENT IN ZIMBABWE: AN OVERVIEW OF PROGRESS MADE AND CHALLENGES AHEAD

Abstract

This paper surveyed the level of preparedness by the Zimbabwe government in using information and communication technologies to enhance the range and quality of services provided to the citizen; and determined the extent of, and continuous improvement efforts of Zimbabwe leaders towards the attainment of connected government. Data for the study was a secondary data adapted from the Internet. The UN global e-government readiness ranking and the models of e-government were downloaded, adapted and used as a benchmark for measuring the web readiness of the Zimbabwe governments in 2005, 2008, 2010 and 2012. It was discovered that the Zimbabwean government has demonstrated its willingness to apply information and communication technologies (ICTs) in their public administration, but is at the emerging stages. A serious impediment which characterized e-government readiness in Zimbabwe is low level of human capital and knowledge economy. The implications include poor provision of government services and underutilization of ICTs facilities in Zimbabwe which might result in the widening of ‘access divide’ between the rich and the poor.

INTRODUCTION

A sequence space is defined to be a linear space of real or complex sequences. Throughout the paper N, R and C denotes the set of non-negative integers, the set of real numbers and the set of complex numbers respectively. Letω denote the space of all sequences (real or complex). Let l∞ and c be Banach spaces of bounded and convergent sequences supremum norm . Let T denote the shift operator onω , that is, and so on. A Banach limit L is defined on l∞ as a non-negative linear functional such that L is invariant i.e., L(Sx)=L(x) and L(e)=1, e=(1,1,1,…) [1].

Lorentz, called a sequence {xn} almost convergent if all Banach limits of x, L(x), are same and this unique Banach limit is called F-limit of x [1]. In his paper, Lorentz proved the following criterian for almost convergent sequences.

A sequence l∞ ∈ is almost convergent with F-limit L(x) if and only if

where, uniformly in n≥0.

We denote the set of almost convergent sequences by f.

Several authors including Duran [2], Ganie et al. [3-7], King [8], Lorentz [1] and many others have studied almost convergent sequences. Maddox [9,10] has defined x to be strongly almost convergent to a number α if

By [f] we denote the space of all strongly almost convergent sequences. It is easy to see that

The concept of paranorm is related to linear matric spaces. It is a generalization of that of absolute value. Let X be a linear space. A function P:x→R is called a paranorm, if [11,12].

(triangle inequality)

is a sequence of scalars with λn→λ (n→∞) and (xn) is a sequence of vectors with then ),(continuity of multiplication of vectors).

A paranorm p for which p(x)=0 implies x=0 is called total. It is well known that the metric of any linear metric space is given by some total paranorm [10].

The following inequality will be used throughout this paper. Let p=(pk) be a sequence of positive real numbers with and let For . We have that (Equation 1) [9,11].

(1)

Nanda defined the following [13,14]:

The difference sequence spaces,

where X= ∞ l , C and C0, were studied by Kizmaz [15].

It was further generalized by Ganie et al. [5], Et and Colak [16], Sengonul [17] and many others.

Further, it was Tripathy et al. [18] generalized the above notions and unified these as follows:

Where

and

Recently, M. Et [19] defined the following:

Following Maddox [20]and Ruckle [21], a modulus function g is a function from [0,∞) to [0,∞) such that

(i) g(x)=0 if and only if x=0,

(ii)

(iii) g is increasing,

(iv) g if continuous from right at x=0.

Maddox [10] introduced and studied the following sets:

of sequences that are strongly almost convergent to zero and strongly almost convergent.

Let p=(pk) be a sequence of positive real numbers with and H=max(1, M).

MAIN RESULTS:

In the present paper, we define the spaces and as follows:

Where (pk) is any bounded sequence of positive real numbers.

Theorem 1: Let (pk) be any bounded sequence and g be any modulus function. Then and are linear space over the set of complex numbers.

Proof: We shall prove the result for and the others follows on similar lines. Let Now for , we can find positive numbers Aα,Bᵝ such that Since f is subadditive and is linear

As n→∞, uniformly in m. This proves that is linear and the result follows.

Theorem 2: Let g be any modulus function. Then

Proof: We shall prove the result for and the second shall be proved on similar lines. Let

Now, by definition of g, we have

Thus, for any number L, there exists a positive integer KL such that we have

Since, , we have x= ∈ ), and the proof of the result follows.

Theorem 3: is a paranormed space with

Proof: From Theorem 2, for each exists. Also, it is trivial that and for x=0. Since, h(0)=0, we have for x=0. Since, therefore, by Minkowski’s inequality and by definition of g for each n that

which shows that is sub-additive. Further, let α be any complex number. Therefore, we have by definition of g, we have

where, Sα is an integer such that α<Sα. Now, let α→0 for any fixed x with By definition of g for we have for that (Equation 2)

(2)

As g is continuous, we have, for 1≤n≤N and by choosing α so small that (Equation 3)

(3)

Consequently, (2) and (3) gives that as α→0.

Theorem 4: Let X be any of the spaces [f,g], [f,g]0 and [f,g]∞. Then, is strict. In general, all j=1,2,…,r-1 and the inclusion is strict.

Proof: We give the proof for the space [f, g]∞ and others can be proved similarly. So, let Then, we have

Since, g is increasing function, we have

Thus, Continuing in this way, we shall get for j=1,2,…,r-1. The inclusion is strict. For this, we consider x=(kr) and is in but does not belong to for f(x)=x and n=1. ( if x=(kr), then and for all

Theorem 5:

Proof: The proof is obvious from Theorem 4 above.

Theorem 6: Let g, g1 and g2 be any modulus functions. Then,

(i)

(ii)

Proof: Let ε be given small positive number and choose δ with 0< δ<1 such that g(t)< ε for 0<t≤ δ. We put and consider

where the first summation is over and second summation is over yk+m> δ. As g is continuous, we have (Equation 4)

(4)

and for yk+m> δ, we use the fact that

Now, by definition of g, we have for yk+m> δ that

Thus (Equation 5),

(5)

Consequently, we see from (4) and (5) that

To prove (ii), we have from (1) that

Let Consequently, by adding above inequality form k=1 to k=n, we have and the result follows.

Theorem 7: Let g, g1 and g2 be any modulus functions. Then,

Proof: The follows as a routine verification as of the Theorem 6.

Theorem 8: The spaces and are not solid in general.

Proof: To show that the spaces and not solid in general, we consider the following example.

Let pk=1 for all k and g(x)=x with r=1=n. Then, but when αk=(-1)k for all Hence is result follows.

From above Theorem, we have the following corollary.

Corollary 9: The spaces and are not perfect.

Theorem 10: The spaces and are not symmetric in general.

Proof : To show that the spaces and are not perfect in general, to show this, let us consider pk=1 for all k and g(x)=x with n=1. Then, Let the re-arrangement of (xk) be (yk) where (yk) is defined as follows,

Then, and this proves the result.

References

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