Gastrointestinal Disease Treatment: A Brief Discussion

Keywords

Gastrointestinal, Oesophageal, Endoscopic, Treatment, Cancer

Introduction

Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine which deals with the disease related to stomach and intestines, which includes small intestine, large intestine, oesophagus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, gastrointestinal tract etc. Some common gastrointestinal conditions are acid reflux, indigestion, diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome, rectal problems in women, gallstones, peptic ulcer disease etc. Aldosterone is the only hormone which is secreted outside the gastrointestinal tract but participating in some function of gastrointestinal tract [1].

Common Gastrointestinal Disease:

• Oral disease

Ex: Gastro esophageal reflux disease [2]

Gardner's syndrome

• Oesophageal disease

Ex: Barrett’s esophagus [3]

• Gastric disease

Ex: Gastric Cancer [4]

Colorectal cancer [5]

Rectal cancer [6]

Early gastric cancer (EGC) [7]

• Intestinal disease

Ex: Diarrhea

• Accessory digestive and gland disease

Ex: Chronic Liver Disease [8]

Liver Biopsy [9]

Some Gastrointestinal Diseases and their Treatment:

• Endoscopic screening is used for treatment of colorectal cancer and stomach cancer [10]. Along with this fecal miRNAS is used as a biomarker for the detection of colorectal cancer [11]. And several colonoscopies are also performed for screening and prevention of colorectal cancer [12]

• Hepatic Metastases is diagnosed from Neuroendocrine Carcinomas [13].

• Chronic pancreatitis (CP) which is damage of engenders fibrosis and necrosis of the pancreatic tissue, with the loss of endocrine and exocrine function of the pancreas [14]. Endosonographic Diagnosis is used for treatment of CP.

• The Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Liner promotes weight loss, reduction of body mass index and waist circumference along with this it improves the control of glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, and C-peptide levels throughout 24 weeks which control type2 diabetes [15].

• Colorectal cancer is one of the three leading causes of death [16]. Immunotherapy is one of the therapies used for human colorectal cancer [17].

• There are 5 loci for gastric cancer susceptibility is detected by Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) by supporting detection power with larger case-control sets [18]. Gastric patients with liver metastasis are treated effectively by HAI, system chemotherapy, gastrectomy and hepatectomy [19]. Along with this after gastrostomy there is a need for the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency [20]. Raman Endoscopy is used for diagnosis of cancer in the Gastrointestinal System [21].

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease is also a major persistent disease [22]. There is an increased risk of colorectal cancer in IBD [23]. This increased risk is due to time of disease, age of onset of IBD, increase of affected colon, etc [24]. Salmonella and thermophilic Campylobacter are bacteria play a major role in aeitology of IBD [25].

Acknowledgement

This content of the article is scrutinized and approved by M. Murali and written by Neha Anand.

References

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