Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
MenuE- ISSN: 2320 - 3528
P- ISSN: 2347 - 2286
E- ISSN: 2320 - 3528
P- ISSN: 2347 - 2286
Priya Bansal*
Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology Program, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, CCS University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
Received date: 12/02/2015 Accepted date: 20/03/2015
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Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Disease, DOTS
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease which may show itself in diverse structures: as pulmonary (pneumonic) tuberculosis (otherwise called phthisis, or consumption), scrofula, lupus, tuberculosis of the bones and joints, or tubercular meningitis. Notwithstanding being ceaseless (the period from the dynamic sign of the malady to its end in death goes on for quite a long time instead of weeks or months), it is a debilitating weakening sickness with a most complex etiology [1].
It is caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, discovered by Robert Koch in 1882, yet there are five types of tuberculosis influencing distinctive creature type, of which just two, the human and bovine-like, cause disease in man. The human type was by a wide margin the most widely recognized wellspring of illness in this period although contemporaries believed until 1901 that bovine origin tuberculosis was more regular, and that the disease was expanding quickly among the bovine populace.
In spite of the fact that a little rate of cases are especially irresistible, tuberculosis is not all in all a profoundly irresistible illness; it is mainly where individuals are crowded together in inadequately ventilated conditions that the danger of disease from dynamic cases is extraordinary [2]. The variables which prompt disease, whether by actuation of existing contamination or by re-disease, are known not individual and residential hygiene, eating regimen, overcrowding, occupational presentation to contamination, ecological introduction to agents to bring about lung harm, and the impacts of past irresistible sickness scenes. In the cutting edge, Tuberculosis is solely a risk to third-world and developing countries. It is hard, as individuals from modern edge, industrialized country, to comprehend TB's power and its overall consequences without having done exploration or something to that effect on the sickness.
“There is a dread disease... which medicine never cured, wealth never warded off or poverty could boast exemption from; which sometimes moves in giant strides and sometimes at a tardy sluggish pace, but, slow or quick, is ever sure and certain.”
The above quote could apply to a plenty of diseases that exist now or, have existed through the span of history. Nonetheless, the scourge that the cited material alludes to is the ailment previously known as "consumption" and now called by its therapeutic name: Tuberculosis. The illness was uncontrolled during the Victorian time in both America and Europe and still runs roughshod over numerous nations today. Indeed, "the greatness of the worldwide TB issue is colossal" with an anticipated 11.9 million cases worldwide by the year 2005.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been available in the human populace for a huge number of years. Called "consumption," tuberculosis was perceived as the main reason for mortality by 1650. Utilizing another recoloring procedure, Robert Koch distinguished the bacterium in charge of bringing about this disease in 1882. While researchers at long last had an objective for battling the sickness, they didn't have the intends to treat patients; the spread of disease was controlled just by endeavoring to disengage patients. At the turn of the twentieth century, more than 80% of the populace in the United States was contaminated before age 20, and tuberculosis was still the main reason for death. The creation of anti-toxins in the 1940's permitted doctors to start successfully treating patients, prompting colossal drops in the demise rate of the malady. Tuberculosis is still a noteworthy reason for mortality in youthful grown-ups around the world, yet is to a lesser extent an issue in developed nations. The frequency of youth tuberculosis is expanding rapidly [3-5].
Tuberculosis has an old history, and in its dominant respiratory form, which fundamentally influences those in the prime of life, has had a limitless impact on human social orders and individual fates.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of tuberculosis in human. Humans are the main repository for the bacterium. Mycobacterium bovis is the etiologic operators of TB in cows and infrequently in people. Both bovines and people can serve as stores. People can likewise be infected by the utilization of unpasteurized milk. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was the reason for the "White Plague" of the 17th and 18th hundreds of years in Europe. Amid this period about 100 percent of the European populace was contaminated with MTB, and 25 percent of every grown-up death was brought on by MTB.
Tuberculosis diseases started expanding in 1985, halfway in view of the rise of HIV, the infection that causes AIDS. HIV debilitates a man's insusceptible framework so it can't battle the TB germs. Another exploration examine inside of this field shows that the birthplace of the ailment in the South American landmass is inferable from transmission from seals and ocean lions, as opposed to from individuals [6].
Tuberculosis (TB) is brought on by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB.). Mycobacteria are infamous for bringing about two noteworthy human sicknesses: tuberculosis and leprosy. Both are difficult to cure, and TB alone causes more than a million deaths every year. Luckily, they are slow growing microscopic organisms (bacteria) [7]. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a large rod shaped bacterium. The rods are 2-4 microns long and 0.2-0.5 microns in width. Numerous non-pathogenic mycobacterium make the normal flora of humans most commonly found in dry or slick regions. M.TB. is not classified as gram negative or gram positive as it doesn't have the chemical properties, in spite of the fact that if a gram stain is performed it is viewed as weak gram positive or not in the least. M.TB. is named as acid fast bacilli because of the impermeability of specific colors and stains [8].
Human tuberculosis is spread by droplet infection, in the fine spit of saliva ousted when talking, hacking, or wheezing. Three courses of transmission for the bacillus have been portrayed: dried, as dust particles; in soggy drops; or as drop cores, framed when the fluid substance of little droplets has vanished rapidly, leaving dried 'bead cores' so little that they stay suspended noticeable all around for a significant time [1].
Although your body may harbor the microbes that cause tuberculosis, your insusceptible framework normally can keep you from getting to be debilitated-
Latent TB- In this condition, you have a TB contamination, however the microorganisms stay in your body in an inert state and cause no side effects. Inactive TB, likewise called idle TB or TB contamination, isn't infectious. It can transform into dynamic TB, so treatment is critical for the individual with latent TB and to help control the spread of TB by and large. An expected 2 billion individuals have this idle or latent TB.
Active TB: This condition makes you wiped out and can spread to others. It can happen in the initial couple of weeks after disease with the TB microorganisms, or it may happen years after the fact. Dynamic TB sickness happens when TB contamination overpowers the resistant framework, and the microbes start reproducing and bringing on malady. It was accounted for that Helminth contamination, including hookworm, is a danger of dynamic TB, however its impact on the foundation of LTBI is obscure [9].
Indications of TB infection incorporate hack, weakness, fever, hacking up blood, night sweats, and weight reduction. TB illness regularly influences the lungs (called aspiratory TB), yet it can likewise influence any organ in the body (called extra pulmonary TB), including your kidneys, spine or cerebrum [10-12]. At the point when TB happens outside your lungs, signs and side effects differ as per the organs included. For instance, tuberculosis of the spine may give you back torment, and tuberculosis in your kidneys may bring about blood in your pee. TB sickness is preventable and reparable, however can be lethal if not treated appropriately.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention prescribes that individuals who have an expanded danger of tuberculosis be screened for inactive TB disease. This suggestion incorporates:
• People with HIV/AIDS
• IV drug clients
• Those in contact with tainted people
• Health care laborers who treat individuals with a high danger of TB [13]
• Alcohol Drinkers [14]
Transmission
Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted from a contaminated individual to a defenseless individual in airborne particles, called bead cores. These are 1–5 microns in measurement. These irresistible drop cores are minor water drops with the microbes that are discharged when persons who have aspiratory or laryngeal tuberculosis hack, wheeze, chuckle, yell and so forth. These small drop cores stay suspended noticeable all around for up to a few hours. Tuberculosis microbes, (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) however are transmitted through the air, not by surface contact. This implies touching can't spread the disease unless it is taken in.
Transmission happens when a man breathes in bead cores containing tuberculosis microscopic organisms. These drop cores voyages by means of mouth or nasal sections and move into the upper respiratory tract. From there on they achieve the bronchi and at last to the lungs and the alveoli.
The greater part of people in the all-inclusive community who get to be tainted with M. tuberculosis never create clinical malady [15]. This exhibits that the inborn and versatile resistant reaction of the host in controlling tuberculosis (TB) contamination is compelling. Mycobacterial and host consider that unfavorably influence these two arms of the insusceptible framework add to dormant tuberculosis contamination (LTBI) and dynamic ailment [16-17]. The part of irritation starts with movement of the disease into inertness or dynamic infection and keeps going till tissue pulverization of the host even after destruction of pathogen [18].
Pathogenesis
Heat Shock Protein is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of TB [19]. TB contamination starts when the mycobacteria achieve the aspiratory alveoli, where they attack and reproduce inside endosomes of alveolar macrophages [20]. Macrophages distinguish the bacterium as "outside" and endeavor to dispense with it by phagocytosis. Amid this procedure, the whole bacterium is concealed by the macrophage and put away briefly in a film bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then joins with a lysosome to make a phagolysosome. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), amasses glycogen amid the unfriendly condition, for example, responsive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, low pH, supplements and other basic component starvation for their survival in the host [21].
In the phagolysosome, the cell endeavors to utilize responsive oxygen species and corrosive to slaughter the bacterium. Be that as it may, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic corrosive case that shields it from these harmful substances. M. tuberculosis really replicates inside the macrophage and will inevitably slaughter the immune cell [22].
The essential site of disease in the lungs, known as the "Ghon center", is for the most part situated in either the upper piece of the lower flap, or the lower piece of the upper projection. Tuberculosis of the lungs might likewise happen by means of disease from the circulation system. This is known as a Simon center and is commonly found in the highest point of the lung [22]. This hematogenous transmission can likewise spread disease to more far off locales, for example, fringe lymph nodes, the kidneys, the mind, and the bones. All parts of the body can be influenced by the ailment, however for obscure reasons it once in a while influences the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid [23-27].
Amid the physical exam, your specialist will check your lymph hubs for swelling and utilize a stethoscope to listen precisely to the sounds your lungs make while you relax. Tuberculous endocarditis is extremely uncommon, yet ought to be suspected in immuno-compromised patients, as well as immunocompetent patients [28-30].
There is critical co-disease of parasitic and bacterial pathogens with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The danger of reactivation of inactive tuberculosis from these calcified injuries ought to be considered, particularly in patients who have a high danger of auxiliary tuberculosis, for example, AIDS, diabetic mellitus, and other immunosuppressed patients [31-36].
James V. Rogers and Young W. Choi assessed a BioNanoPore innovation (BNP™ Middlebrook agar) to distinguish and quantitate M. tuberculosis in less time than conventional plate numbering system [37]. Bioinformatics likewise permits us to plan the in silico investigation and assessment of hsp in a 3D arrangement. Functional annotations of genomic successions for theoretical proteins are of real significance in giving experiences into their atomic capacities and will help in the ID of new medications for tuberculosis [38-39].
Skin Test
The most usually utilized indicative instrument for tuberculosis is a straightforward skin test; however blood tests are turning out to be more typical. A little measure of a substance called PPD tuberculin is infused just underneath the skin of your inside lower arm. You ought to feel just a slight needle prick. Inside of 48 to 72 hours, a social insurance expert will check your arm for swelling at the infusion site. A hard, raised red knock means you're prone to have TB contamination. The extent of the knock figures out if the test outcomes are huge.
The TB skin test isn't idealized. Now and again, it proposes that individuals have TB when they truly don't. It can likewise demonstrate that individuals don't have TB when they truly do. A false-positive test may happen in the event that you've been inoculated as of late with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunization [40].
Blood Test
Blood tests may be utilized to confirm or rule out inactive or dynamic tuberculosis. These tests utilize modern innovation to quantify your immune system's reaction to TB bacteria. QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-Tube test and T-Spot TB test are two illustrations of TB blood tests.
Imaging Tests
If you've had a positive skin test, your doctor is likely to order a chest X-ray or a CT scan. This may show white spots in your lungs where your immune system has walled off TB bacteria, or it may reveal changes in your lungs caused by active tuberculosis. CT scans provide more-detailed images than do X-rays.
Sputum Tests
If your chest X-ray shows signs of tuberculosis, your doctor may take samples of your sputum — the mucus that comes up when you cough. The samples are tested for TB bacteria. Sputum samples can also be used to test for drug-resistant strains of TB. This helps your doctor choose the medications that are most likely to work. These tests can take four to eight weeks to be completed. The designed system is capable to detecting and counting the number of tuberculosis bacteria by microscope imaging [41-43].
In the 1940s, the first anti-infection agents were utilized to battle against it, yet abuse prompted medication resistance, which is much more dreadful. Our insusceptible framework, which creates macrophages to encompass the tubercle bacilli to hold the Mycobacterium tuberculosis under control, alongside the assistance of anti-infection agents has been demonstrated effective much of the time however not all. Determination is best accomplished by the 'triple methodology' i.e. imaging (generally mammography and ultrasound), clinical examination and needle examining for cytology on the other hand histology [44, 45].
There are a few medications that have empowered achievement, for example, tablets for regular cases and chemotherapy for broadly drug safe ones, what's more, the DOTS methodology and the BCG immunization have helped to control TB from spreading; medicines are required to help our invulnerable framework on the grounds that there are components that permit the TB microscopic organisms to taint and reason sickness. Imperviousness to first line against TB medications has been connected to transformations in no less than 10 qualities; katG, inhA, ahpC, kasA and ndh for INH resistance; rpoB for RIF resistance, embB for EMB resistance, pncA for PZA resistance and rpsL and rrs for STR resistance. The quest for new against tuberculosis drugs should consider new targets which are less powerless for transformation [46-48].
Medicines differ contingent upon the sort of tuberculosis, whether it’s dynamic or latent. The treatment for latent tuberculosis is taking an anti-infection known as Isoniazid (INH) for around 6 to 9 months, infrequently a year.
Since organization of a solitary medication regularly prompts the advancement of a bacterial populace impervious to that medication, viable regimens for the treatment of TB must contain numerous medications to which the creatures are defenseless. observing of medication resistance ought to be improved by occasional reviews to survey patterns of anti-microbial safe examples, and to avert transmission of MDR-TB and movement of dynamic ailment [49]. The principal step is the determination of resistance example for compelling treatment and controlling of tuberculosis [50]. Henceforth, dynamic tuberculosis is generally treated with four diverse antimicrobial specialists. The course of medication treatment normally endures from 6-9 months. The most usually utilized medications are rifampin (RIF) isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (EMB) or streptomycin (SM). In light of the pervasiveness and attributes of medication safe living beings, no less than 95% of patients will get this four medication regimen toward the start of treatment [51-52].
Despite the fact that they are compelling, "these medications ordinarily have symptoms, for example, a steamed stomach and liver issues. Anyhow, on the brighter side, the patient normally sees upgrades just a couple of weeks in the wake of beginning to take the medications". The uplifting news, in any case, is that the patient can be cured [53].
As indicated by the World Health Organization, 1 out of 30 instances of tuberculosis are impervious to essential and optional anti-microbial medicines, this implies that the TB is impervious to the initial two ordinarily utilized anti-microbials, Isoniazid and Rifampin. These TB strains are known as "numerous medication safe". There are considerably more safe strains known as broadly medication safe (XDR) TB [54]. On the other hand, the Genotype MTBDRplus is assessed to distinguish imperviousness to isoniazid and rifampin in positive M. tuberculosis societies [55, 56].
Comparable is the preventive result demonstrated in weight pick up. Two-third of tuberculosis patients was underweight at the season of analysis. Notwithstanding, after start of against tuberculosis medicate there were critical additions in weight pick up [57].
There are numerous things we can do to decrease the spread of TB in wellbeing offices and swarmed spots — contamination control and early suitable treatment are critical to anticipate illness transmission [58].
A preventative strategy is the Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin vaccine. It’s derived from live attenuated strain derived of Mycobacterium bovis. It is an injection given to young infants and neonates because it prevents severe childhood tuberculosis. Studies suggest a 60-80% effective rate in children. There is a world-wide strategy known as DOTS being practiced all over the world. Iran is among the leading countries in implementation of DOTS strategies [59-60].
It is the globally prescribed way to deal with TB control. Being an economically successful method for treating patients suffering with TB, it also prevents new contaminations and further helps in the improvement of medication resistance. DOTS is composed of five parts: “Political commitment to sustained TB control, access to quality-assured TB sputum microscopy, standardized short-course drug treatment, including direct observation of therapy, an uninterrupted supply of quality-assured drugs, and a standardized recording and reporting system enabling assessment of outcome in all patients. There is a need for a rapid, sensitive and accurate detection system like Bactec Micro MGIT for culturing the microorganism in clinical specimens. This would hasten the administration of appropriate antimycobacterial therapy [61].
In shorter words, it is “where a health care worker ensures that patients are taking their treatment regimens properly,” whether they are being treated for inactive or active TB. The studies conducted by us have identified a number of immunologically reactive and M. tuberculosis-specific protein antigens encoded by genes present in regions of difference (RD), which are absent or deleted in BCG [62].
Local public health agency personnel are potentially exposed to TB during case management activities such as directly observed therapy or when persons with unrecognized pulmonary TB are present in the agency facility. Local public health agencies should establish TB infection control programs that include administrative and respiratory protection measures to help prevent TB transmission among staff and visitors. Environmental engineering of air handling systems to create airborne infection isolation rooms is used to house hospital TB patients but is usually not available in public health settings [63, 64].
Administrative measures include assigning a designated staff person responsibility for TB infection control, conducting a TB risk assessment for the facility, writing a control plan, and implementing effective work practices for detecting and managing clients entering the facility with signs and symptoms that may indicate active TB disease.
Pathogenic fungi and other bacterial pathogens may be significant co-infecting pathogens complicating the management of TB [65]. Studies points to an urgent need for the establishment of facility for external quality assured DST in different parts of the country to accurately determine the pattern and extent of drug resistance TB and the magnitude of MDR in the country [66]. Respiratory assurance measures that incorporate utilization of N-95 respirators are additionally essential for general wellbeing work force with introduction to dynamic TB cases. A respiratory assurance system ought to be built up to give staff preparing, fit-testing, and restorative assessment for respirator utilization.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the second most regular irresistible reason for death in grown-ups around the world (HIV is the most widely recognized). The human host serves as a characteristic store for M. tuberculosis. The capacity of the living being to productively build up inactive disease has empowered it to spread to about 33% of people around the world. Pretty nearly 8 million new instances of dynamic TB sickness happen every year, prompting around 1.7 million deaths. The infection occurrence is amplified by the simultaneous pestilence of human immunodeficiency infection (HIV) infection [67]. Rajagopala S and his co-workers describe a case of drug-resistant extra-pulmonary tuberculosis co-infection with tuberculoid leprosy [68].
Drug-resistant tuberculosis was recognized shortly after the introduction of effective chemotherapy in the late 1940s. Streptomycin was the first drug to be used widely. Patients who received this drug usually had marked and rapid clinical improvement, but treatment failures were common after the first three months of therapy. Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis obtained from patients with treatment failure were invariably streptomycin resistant. The rapid development of resistance to single-agent therapy led to the principle of multiagent chemotherapy of TB that remains the cornerstone of treatment [69].
Economic conditions, as much as social, plainly play a crucial part in the equation, but within this generalization the respective roles of housing and diet remain debateable. In general terms, the reasons for the decline of tuberculosis have been well defined: better nutrition, housing, nurture, lessening of fatigue, smaller family size, acting synergistically in varying permutations through time and place hold the answer [70].
While the effects of the spread of hygienic nursing and reformed attitudes towards ventilation must be largely speculative, and the problems of domestic cleanliness and fresh air which underlay them were not class-specific, they were none the less closely associated with a major preventive, essentially class specific, problem: overcrowding. None the less, the effects of overcrowding on the distribution of the disease within the cities were marked.
Levels of domestic overcrowding, the presence of hospitals treating the disease, and also the occupations of the residential population all affected tuberculosis mortality-rates in different parishes.
Many large cities had their mortality swollen by the presence of numerous common lodging houses within their boundaries.
For the poor, the basic barrier to well-being is the lack of resources or goods and services needed to carry out permissible, meaningful, and instrumental activities. Thus, part of the problem lies in the social psychology of materialism. In a materialist society, certain goods and services are essential to the performance of membership activities. These commodities are not provided without specific restraints [71].
Policy makers and stakeholders are encouraged to design a program aiming for early case detection and prevention of spread of tuberculosis to all susceptible hosts including animals [72].
Replenished endeavors in tuberculosis (TB) examination have prompted critical new bits of knowledge into the science and the study of disease transmission of this staggering infection [73-75]. Yet, despite the present day pestilences of HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and multidrug resistance- all of which add to weakness to TB—worldwide control of the ailment will remain a considerable test for quite a long time to come. New high-throughput genomics advances are now adding to investigations of TB's the study of disease transmission, near genomics, development, and host–pathogen association [76]. Young et al. contended that frameworks science methodologies will be important to illustrate a percentage of the key parts of host–pathogen connections in TB and to grow new medications, antibodies, and biomarkers to assess new intercessions [77-78]. Mathematical models are as of now being utilized broadly to study the study of disease transmission of TB and to guide control arrangements [79]. Among the newly emerging technologies, scientists believe that next-generation DNA sequencing will play an important role in improving our understanding of TB and can bring an unexpected result in expelling this disease out of our society [80,81].
Recent studies exhibit how developing Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of today have turn out to be exceedingly harmful in the host. Different examination bunches worldwide are centering their endeavors on discovering novel antituberculous normal operators that can give more prominent adequacy, less poisonous quality and having a particular component of activity, conceivably being coadjuvants in the medications at present prescribed [82-85]. Saeed et al. examined the hereditary examples of strains secluded in the first overview of against tuberculosis drug-resistance acknowledged by rpoB quality as a component of the Global Project of Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance (BRIEM, Belarus) [86].
Any therapy where therapeutic agent physically interacts with harboring bugs will generate drug resistance [87]. The synthetized 1,2,4-triazole derivative compound, namely 4-methyl-1-morpholinmethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3- thione, demonstrates tuberculosis inhibition activity similar to the control drug – Streptomycin [88-90]. Non-conventional T cells could play a vital role in protection against TB, particularly in the respiratory mucosa [91]. From nanotechological studies also, silver nanoparticles can react with sulfur-containing amino acids inside or outside the cell membrane, which in turn affects bacterial cell viability [92]. Patient’s adherence to anti- TB drugs (especially re-treated cases) and scaling up of DST service at district hospital level will help to reduce the development of drug resistance [93-95].
A number of new drugs are being looked at as add-on therapy to the current drug-resistant combination treatment including:
• Bedaquiline
• Delamanid
• PA-824
• Linezolid
• Sutezolid
Mulder et al. provides a simple framework that can be used in drug target identification in order to produce a list of putative targets very rapidly at low cost [96].
Targeting resistance mechanisms can also be used to boost the anti-TB activity of TB and non-TB drugs [97-98]. To explore new anti-TB molecules in a rapid and more efficient assay method, one must develop and characterize a high throughput intracellular screening model for both the actively dividing and dormant Mycobacterium sp. as a gold standard to substitute for the highly virulent, extremely slow-growing M. tuberculosis in the early stage of an anti-TB screening program [99]. The guinea pig has recently proven to be a useful and realistic animal model in which to test new drug regimens for their potential to treat disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis [100].
Infection with tuberculosis is not, however, synomyous with the development of active disease. Most infected individuals successfully overcome infection, and remain unaware of their encounter with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although healed lesions in the lungs bear witness to the encounter. Some interesting reviews covering aspects of antimycobacterial natural products have been published until today [101].
Checking and control of medication safe TB ought to be underscored by updated DOTs program, through brief case recognition, routine society, quality guaranteed medication vulnerability testing for patients and deliberate treatment perception [101]. Assistant helpful alternatives need to be further investigated in the event that we are to accomplish better clinical results and quicken the control of medication safe TB [102].
The WHO guidelines also recommend specific documentation of contact screening data to strengthen the process [98].Along with emphasis on drug resistance TB and TB/HIV, the much neglected contact screening among childhood contacts deserves attention from the national programmes to achieve global TB control.
Although Tuberculosis is a terrible transmitted disease, we are having many advanced technologies and curative drugs to fight against this disease. This terrible transmitted disease will be very soon to the list of eradicated diseases and can see a tuberculosis free world in our very near future [103].