Hyperglycemia in Type II Diabetic Patients: an Overview
Abhinaya N*
Department of Pharmacology, JNTU Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- *Corresponding Author:
- Abhinaya.N
Department of Pharmacology
Tel: 7396006373
E-mail: nabhinaya07@gmail.com
Received date: 08 March 2015 Accepted date: 28 April 2015 Published date: 28 April 2015
Visit for more related articles at Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
Keywords
Hyperglycemia, Diabetes, Insulin, Glucose, Hypoglycemia
Introduction
Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder out of various lifestyle diseases. According to World Health Organization (W.H.O) and International Diabetes Federation (I.D.F) there may be vast increase the proportions. Nearly 382 million people were recorded in the world; it may be chance of rise to 592 million by upcoming years. Increase of Diabetic Mellitus mostly in much higher in developing countries compared to that of developed countries [1]. The ratio is like 42% in developed and 20% in developing Nations recorded consequently. U.A.E ranked top 5th among them and 7th leading in U.S.A cause of death in (2010). Most of the cases in U.S.A are under age of 20 have been diagnosed Diabetes.
The Diabetes causes severe problems like kidney failure, blindness, (or) eye damage, cardiovascular problems, limb amputation and various associated problems. This is due abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism and insulin synthesis (or) body cannot use insulin properly. Glucose blinds up in the blood and for over many years it causes damages and results in raise in high blood sugar with associated symptoms like hunger, thirst, polyuria, glycosuria, leathery etc. Changes in blood glucose levels results in two major problems like Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia [2,3].
High Blood Glucose level or Hyperglycemia occurs when the body gets too little insulin (or) when the body cannot use insulin properly. On the other hand Low Blood Glucose (or) Hypoglycemia occurs when the body utilizes too much of insulin. Hypoglycemia is most common health condition for Diabetic patient. If it is untreated over a long period causes serious life threating problems, it should require immediate and appropriate medication.
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
There are three types of Diabetes like:
1. Type I Diabetes/ insulin-dependent diabetes
2. Type II Diabetes/ non-insulin dependent diabetes
3. Gestational Diabetes.
Type I Diabetes Mellitus: It result from autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in pancreas this leads to increased blood and urine glucose. It gets usually under the age of 20. It may be due to genetic or diseased condition [4,7].
Type II Diabetes Mellitus: It is characterized by hyperglycemia (or) high blood sugar in combination of insulin resistance and lack of insulin which may be combined and reduce insulin secretion. 90% of all cases are typically type II Diabetes Mellitus. Mostly in obese adults [8].
Gestational Diabetes: It is a condition in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes shows high blood glucose levels during pregnancy [9].
Overview of Hyperglycemia in Type II Diabetes
Hyperglycemia occurs when the body gets too little insulin (or) when the body cannot use insulin properly. It should be treated immediately prior to diagnosis.
Figure 1: hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in Type II Diabetes (image courtesy: http://www.informedhealthonline.org/index.media.22c5b273c32077d98c860369459ed1a2v1.jpg)
Symptoms of Hyperglycemia
The most common symptoms can be seen in Hyperglycemia are: High blood glucose level, polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, Blurred vision , Weight loss, Wounds and cuts heal poorly ,Dry mouth, Cardiac arrhythmia, Deep and rapid breathing, Impotence and many [10-15].
Figure 2:Overview of the most significant symptoms of diabetes. (Courtesy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2.
Conclusion
There are many wide approaches in treating of hyperglycemia, like treatment with natural herbs or natural products finds better way in treating hyperglycemia [16-20]. However, nature is also rich in chemical compounds that are structurally similar to glucose. Sulfonylureas which have structural similarities with glucose and these support Incretins and Incretin mimetics these have been used in the treatment of Diabetes. These are short lived, hence they are immediately acted upon by Dipeptdyl peptidase-4[DDP-4]. Due to its longer duration of action it is used as a anti diabetic activity. Some of plants like Panax ginseng, the Asian vegetable bittermelon, Tian Hua Fen etc, are used in the treatment of lowering of blood glucose level (or) hyperglycemia [21-26].
Another approach in treating hyperglycemia through hyperglycemic agents like glibenclamide lowers the blood glucose level. But with combination of amlodine, it is a calcium channel blocker, which is prescribed for hypertension. Both of these combinations of drugs do not show any lowering effect of blood glucose level as seen from the results [27]. These may cause drug-drug interactions and could effects both classes of drugs. There may be reasonable time interval between the administrations of both drugs. There may increase the blood glucose level.
References
- Babu BV, Chaturvedi VK, Uppu RM. Herbs in the Management of Hyperglycemia in Diabetes. Importance of Screening Methods in the Identification of Phyto Anti-Hyperglycemic Principles. J Diabetes Metab.2014; 3:e110.
- Medagama AB, Bandara R, Wijetunge R.The High Burden of In-Hospital Diabetes Mellitus at A Tertiary Care Hospital in Sri Lanka; A Case Control Study. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:502.
- Sanchez Hernandez OE, Papacostas-Quintanilla H, Vilier A, Calvet JH, Jiménez Osorio A, et al. EZSCAN as a Screening Tool for Prediabetes and Diabetes in a Large Mexican Population. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:505
- Zhou J, Hao Z, Irwin N, Berthoud HR, Ye J.GIP is Selectively Decreased in the Roux-Limb of Dietary Obese Mice after RYGB Surgery. J Diabetes Metab2015; 6: 515.
- Jain J, Rao T, Desmukh P, Banait S.Prevalence and Correlates of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Population: A Cross Sectional Study. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6: 503.
- Rahim M, Rahim M, Rahim M, Sharafat S, Shaikh Z, et al.Maternal and Paternal Transmission of Diabetes: Influence of Nutritional Factors. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6: 504.
- Brijesh M, Saurav P. Comparative Study of Significance of Serum Cystatin-C, Serum Creatinine and Microalbuminuria Estimation in Patients of Early Diabetic Nephropathy. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:490.
- Kawamura T, Umemura T, Imamine R, Umegaki H, Kawano N, et al.Factors Associated with Brain Atrophy Estimated with Automatic Voxel- Based Morphometry of Structural Magnetic Resonance Images in Elderly Diabetic Patients: Impact of Albuminuria on Hippocampal Atrophy. J Diabetes Metab.2014; 6:491.
- Valo M, Moller A, Teupe C. Markers of Myocardial Ischemia in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea – Impact of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:492.
- Brijesh M. Somogyi Effect in a Patient of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:493.
- Kotru S, Kotru B, Joshi K. Intervention of Diabetes Foot Care Practices on the Prevention of New Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:494.
- Alarcon LCC, Lopez EL, Carbajal MJL, Torres MO. Level of Knowledge in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and its Relationship with Glycemic Levels and Stages of Grief According to Kübler-Ross. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:495.
- Fonville S, van Dijk AC, Zadi T, van den Herik EG, Lingsma HF, et al. Newly-Diagnosed Disturbed Glucose Metabolism is Associated with Atherosclerosis in Patients with Transient Ischemic Attack or Ischemic Stroke. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:496.
- Maxel T, Pold R, Larsen A, Pedersen SB, Carlson D, et al.Dysregulation of Zinc and Iron Balance in Adipose Tissue from Diabetic Sand Rats (Psammomys obesus). J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:497.
- Fernández RAH, Collazo LV, Hernández SC, Cruz AL.Relationship between Maternal Obesity and Congenital Malformation in a Subpopulation of Havana. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:498.
- Iabichella ML.The Use of a Mixture of Hypericum Perforatum and Azadirachta indica for the Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Case Series. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:499.
- Rezaee F. Systems Biology and Age-Induced Diseases. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6: 516.
- Kakade SP. Interrelationship between Type 1 Diabetes and Dental Caries - Needs to be Relooked and Refocused at Large. J Diabetes Metab
- Kawamura T, Umemura T, Imamine R, Umegaki H, Kawano N, et al.Factors Associated with Brain Atrophy Estimated with Automatic Voxel- Based Morphometry of Structural Magnetic Resonance Images in Elderly Diabetic Patients: Impact of Albuminuria on Hippocampal Atrophy. J Diabetes Metab.2015; 6:491
- Ota S, Tanimoto T, Orii M, Hirata K, Shiono Y, et al. Association between hyperglycemia at admission and microvascular obstruction in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction Journal of Cardiology,2015; 65: 272-27
- Sarkar D, Ankolekar C, Pinto M, Shetty K, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, USA, 617-73
- Youa H N, Leea H A, Parkb M H, Leec J H,Hana J S. a Department of Food Science and Nutrition,2015; 609-735.
- Rabczynski M, Fiodorenko-Dumas Z, Adamiec R, Paprocka-Borowicz M. Connection between Heat Shock Proteins 60/65 and Diabetic Vascular Complications.2013.
- Rabczynski M, Fiodorenko-Dumas Z, Adamiec R, Paprocka-Borowicz M.Connection between Heat Shock Proteins 60/65 and Diabetic Vascular Complications. J Diabetes Metab.2013; S13:001.
- de Oliveira E, Lisboa PC, de Moura EG Can Insulin Resistance or Secretion be Programmed Earlier in Life? J Diabetes Metab.2013; S13:002.
- Chapman MJ, Crockett SC, Purvis TE, Anderson MJ, Whittaker PL, et al.Macrovascular Disease in the Elderly with Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Metab.2013; 4:299.
- Shabany Hamedan M, Hamedan MS, Torki ZS (2012) Relationship between Foot-Care Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Self Care Behaviors in Diabetic Patients in Iran. J Diabetes Metab.2013; 3:220.