Mini Review Open Access

Biofuels: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abstract

Biofuels are renewable energy sources derived from biological feedstocks such as plants, algae, and waste biomass. They have emerged as key components in global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, decrease dependence on fossil fuels, and promote sustainable energy systems. This mini‑review summarizes the classification of biofuels, their production technologies, feedstock options, environmental and economic implications, and the major challenges facing commercialization. First‑generation biofuels, derived from edible crops, have paved the way for second and third generations, which focus on non‑food biomass and microalgae, respectively. Technological innovations such as advanced fermentation, thermochemical conversion, metabolic engineering, and integrated biorefineries are discussed. Lifecycle assessments (LCA) and sustainability criteria are highlighted to evaluate environmental performance. Despite substantial progress, challenges remain, including feedstock availability, land‑use change, economic viability, and technological scalability. Future directions emphasize improving conversion efficiencies, developing robust microbes and catalysts, integrating biofuel production with waste management, and leveraging policy incentives. Biofuels remain promising in the global energy transition, particularly when aligned with circular economy principles and low‑carbon strategies.

Rohan Iyer

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