Mini Review Open Access

Biomarkers in Modern Medicine: A Comprehensive Review of Classification, Applications, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Biomarkers have become indispensable tools in modern medicine, playing a critical role in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring. Defined as measurable indicators of biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses, biomarkers provide objective and quantifiable data that enhance clinical decision-making. This mini review explores the classification of biomarkers, their applications across various medical fields, technological advancements in biomarker discovery, and the challenges associated with their clinical implementation. Additionally, the review highlights emerging trends such as personalized medicine, multi-omics approaches, and artificial intelligence-driven biomarker identification. Understanding the evolving landscape of biomarkers is essential for improving patient outcomes and advancing precision healthcare.

Chen Wei

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