Mini Review Open Access

Immunotherapy in Modern Medicine: A Comprehensive Mini Review of Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Directions

Abstract

Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach in modern medicine, harnessing the body’s immune system to prevent and treat diseases. Unlike conventional therapies, immunotherapy offers targeted and durable responses, particularly in cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. This mini review provides a comprehensive overview of immunotherapy, including its types, mechanisms of action, clinical applications, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, it explores recent advancements such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and cancer vaccines. The review also highlights challenges such as immune-related adverse effects, resistance, and high costs, while discussing future perspectives including personalized immunotherapy and combination strategies. Understanding the evolving landscape of immunotherapy is essential for improving patient outcomes and advancing precision medicine.

Kenji Tanaka

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