Mini Review Open Access

Microbiota: Guardians of Health and Modulators of Disease

Abstract

Microbiota, the complex communities of microorganisms residing in and on the human body, play critical roles in health and disease. Advances in high-throughput sequencing and metagenomic technologies have revolutionized our understanding of microbial diversity, composition, and function across niches such as the gut, skin, oral cavity, and urogenital tract. Microbiota influence host metabolism, immune modulation, pathogen resistance, and even neurobehavioral processes. Dysbiosis — alterations in microbiota composition or function — is implicated in numerous conditions including metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, infections, and neurological disorders. This mini-review summarizes current knowledge on microbiota composition, host-microbe interactions, functional roles, dysbiosis-related diseases, and therapeutic interventions including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Emphasis is placed on emerging technologies, mechanistic insights, and challenges in translating microbiota research into clinical applications. Understanding and harnessing microbiota offers significant potential for personalized medicine and health promotion.

Aditi Chatterjee

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