Review Article Open Access

Next-Generation Probiotics and Secreted Extracellular Vesicles in Disease Amelioration

Abstract

Growing evidence has emphasized the close association of non-homeostasis in gut microbiota (dysbiosis) with the pathogenic development of various intestinal ailments such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and coeliac disease. Additionally, extra-intestinal diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease, are also concomitant with gut dysbiosis. Beneficial microbes have been often isolated from intestinal commensal bacteria that contribute to human health. In the preceding decades, most people have preferred the lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Lactococcus in addition to strains from Bifidobacterium genus as probiotic supplements, to improve the uncomfortable condition and maintain a healthy condition. Although generally considered safe, traditional probiotics have been shown to contribute subtly in sub-healthy conditions via undefined mechanisms. Recently, emerging Next-Generation Probiotics (NGPs), such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides fragilis, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium hallii, Odoribacter laneus, Parabacteroides species as well as Clostridium species have been acknowledged as prospective novel microbial therapeutics for various diseases. Particularly, certain NGPs have been also categorized as live biotherapeutic products that are expected to function as therapeutic drugs for certain disease conditions. Thus, there is a more serious demand for NGPs than for traditional probiotics. Accordingly, unlike traditional probiotics, it is essential to understand the underlying mechanism of NGPs in maintaining health. Furthermore, Extracellular Vesicles (EV) released beneficial probiotics have also been established to ameliorate diseases and related immune disorders. Hence, in this review, we aim to deliberate the characteristics of various NGP candidates and bacteria EVs that exhibit promising roles in the maintenance of health and explore their functions as defined treatment strategies.

Qi-Wen Ma, Chun-Wei Lu , Chun-Bing Chen, Liang Chen, Guo-Dong Ye, Wen-Hung Chung*, Chih-Jung Chang*

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