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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

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Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation to Minimize Loss in Distribution System

V. Selve
Assistant Professor (Grade III), Dept. of EEE, Velammal Engineering College, Chennai, India
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

Abstract

This paper aims at minimizing the real power loss in radial distribution system by Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Distributed Generation using Artificial Bee Colony Optimization (ABC) technique. The Artificial Bee Colony algorithm is a population-based optimization technique which is based on the intelligent foraging behavior of the honeybee swarm. Distributed generation is an approach that employs small scale technologies to produce electricity close to the end users of power. Here the total real power loss has been reduced by allocating two Distributed Generations in an IEEE 34 Bus Radial Distribution System using ABC technique and the results are obtained through MATLAB coding.





Keywords
Artificial Bee Colony Optimization technique (ABC), Distributed Generation (DG), Distribution System, loss minimization.

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, electrical utilities are undergoing rapid restructuring process and are planning to expand their electrical networks to meet the increasing load demand. Thus to plan future expansion and to meet the increasing electrical power requirements, the concept of Distributed Generation (DG) is introduced. Distributed Generators are power technologies of limited size that are directly interconnected at the consumer end. DG units may be of renewable or non-renewable types which include wind power, solar power, micro turbines, fuel cells, etc. These Distributed Generators are also called as embedded or dispersed generation and ranges from few KW to 100 MW. In Distribution System, due to load uncertainties the load demand exceeds the generating capacity which leads to power loss and unreliable operation of the system. To overcome this problem DG units are incorporated into the distribution system to meet the excess demand which results in power loss minimization, improvement of voltage profile, power quality improvement, reliable operation, etc. Since DG units are connected at the customer end, the cost of power distribution is also reduced. This paper presents an optimization technique called Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm to find the optimal location of distributed generators in the distribution system such that the total real power loss of the radial distribution system is minimized.

METHODOLOGY
The test system taken for optimal allocation of DG units is IEEE 34 bus radial distribution system as shown in Fig. 1. Initially the Newton Raphson Load flow is applied to the IEEE 34 bus radial distribution system and total loss is found. Then to reduce the total real power loss of the radial distribution system, optimal allocation and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm is done. Here 2 DG’s are considered for allocation. Optimal location of DG is given by the bus that provides minimum power loss after DG penetration.

PROBLEM FORMULATION
The objective function is to minimize the total system real power loss as given in Eq. 1
image
n Number of buses
Pi Real power flows from bus i to i+1
Qi Reactive power flows from bus i to i+1
Vi Bus voltage at bus i
r i+1 Resistance of line connecting buses i and i+1
The fitness function to find the minimum loss is given in Eq. 2
image

ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY ALGORITHM(ABC)
The Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm was introduced by Karaboga in 2005. The bee colony consists of three types of bees namely: employed bee, onlooker bee, and scout bee. The employed bee goes in search for food source randomly and they share the information regarding the nectar amount of food source with onlooker bees waiting in the hive by dancing. The nectar amount of the food source determines the time period of the dance. The onlooker bee selects the best food source position by watching the dance of the employed bee which is the measure of the nectar amount. The onlooker bee compares the dance of an employed bee with that of its neighbor and selects the food source of the employed bee which dances for a longer duration as the optimal solution. Once the food source is selected the onlooker and scout bees change to become employed bees and an employed bee after abandoning the food source becomes a scout bee. The scout bee again searches a new food source. This search process continues until the best food source position is found. There are three parameters in ABC algorithm namely: colony size or number of population (NP), maximum cycle number and limit value. The colony size (CS) represents the total number of bees present. The bee colony has equal number of employed bees and onlooker bees. Each food source has been given an employed bee and thus the number of food source positions equals the number of employed bees. The maximum number of times the search process has to be repeated is given by Maximum Cycle Number (MCN). Limit value gives the number of trials after which a food source becomes exhausted. In this technique, the best food source is selected by comparing the nectar amount of the current food source with that of the previous best food source position stored by the onlooker bee.
If the nectar amount of the current food source is higher than that of the previous one, then the best food source position stored by the onlooker bee is modified as the current one or it will remain the same. In this manner the search process will go on until the best food source position is found. The same principle can be used for finding the optimal location of DG units. The DG units are placed at different locations in the IEEE 34 bus radial distribution system with varying sizes and the power loss is calculated for each combination using Newton Raphson load flow. The power loss of the successive combination is compared with the previous one and the best solution is retained. The combination that gives the minimum power loss gives the optimal location and size of DG units. Thus the total real power loss minimization after DG incorporation is found.
Figure 2 shows the method of allocation of DG using ABC algorithm and Fig. 3 shows the flowchart of ABC algorithm

ABC ALGORITHM FOR DG ALLOCATION
1. Initialize food source positions.
2. Calculate nectar amount of food source using fitness function.
3. Produce neighbor solutions and calculate their nectar amount.
4. Apply the selection process.
5. If all onlooker bees are distributed, go to step 9 otherwise go to the next step.
6. Calculate probability values for the solutions.
7. Produce neighbor solutions for the selected onlooker bee and evaluate them as Step 2 indicates.
8. Follow step 4
9. Determine the abandoned solution for the scout bees, if it exists, and replace it with a completely new solution and evaluate them as in Step 2.
10. Memorize the best solution attained so far.
11. If cycle = MCN, stop and print result. Otherwise follow Step 3.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. POWER LOSS WITHOUT DG
Initially, the Newton Raphson load flow of IEEE 34 bus radial distribution system was performed and the loss found is recorded in Table I. The real and reactive power loss in the system is given by P loss and Q loss respectively.
B. Power loss with DG
Then two distributed generators were optimally allocated and sized using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm and the loss was found by Newton Raphson method and the same is recorded in Table II. The real and reactive power loss in the system is given by P loss and Q loss respectively. The parameters of ABC are given as follows:
1. Colony size (CS) = 20
2. Maximum Cycle Number (MCN) = 55
C. Optimal DG location and size
The Artificial Bee Colony technique is used to find the optimal location and size of two distributed generation within the size limit of (0 – 5) MW and the same is recorded in Table III. All possible combinations of DG interconnections are tried at varying sizes using ABC and the best combination that gives minimum power loss in the IEEE 34 bus radial distribution system is taken as the optimal solution for DG allocation.
DG 1 and DG 2 are the two distributed generators considered for allocation in the IEEE 34 bus radial distribution system. The optimal locations of DG 1 and DG 2 are at buses 10 and 31 respectively. The optimal sizes of DG 1 and DG 2 are 0.3 MW and 0.1 MW respectively.
D. Loss Variation for different DG connection
In ABC technique, the DG is placed at different buses and the loss is found for each combination through an iterative method. Figure 4 depicts the variation of losses for different DG placements during each iteration. It shows that at iteration count 55, the best possible loss minimization is obtained.
E. Minimum Loss Occurrences
In ABC technique, the DG is connected at different locations and the loss is found for each combination. During every iteration the loss is updated as global best if it is minimum than the previous one. Figure 5 depicts the global best solutions i.e the minimum loss updated during every iteration.

CONCLUSION
In this paper, the real power loss of IEEE 34 bus radial distribution system has been reduced by optimal allocation of Distributed Generation (DG) using Artificial Bee Colony Optimization technique. Initially, the Newton Raphson load flow of the test system was performed before allocation of DG and the loss was found to be 0.09770 MW. Then a distributed generation (DG) was optimally allocated and sized using Artificial Bee Colony such that the loss is minimized after DG penetration and the loss was found to be 0.0022 MW. Thus a total real power loss reduction of 0.0954 MW was obtained as shown in Table IV.

Tables at a glance
Table icon Table icon Table icon Table icon
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4

Figures at a glance
Figure Figure Figure Figure
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

References