A Perspective on Situational Crime Prevention, Fraud and its Applications

About The Study

Criminologists, commissions, and research bodies such as the World Health Organization, the United Nations, the National Research Council of the United States, and the United Kingdom Audit Commission have examined their and others' research on what reduces rates of interpersonal crime. They agree that governments must go beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to address the risk factors that lead to crime because it is more cost effective and results in greater social benefits than traditional approaches to crime response. Several opinion polls confirm public support for prevention investment. In Less Law, More Order, Waller uses these materials to propose specific crime-reduction measures as well as a crime bill.

The World Health Organization Guide (2004) supplements the World Report on Violence and Health (2002) and World Health Assembly Resolution 56-24 from 2003, which called on governments to implement nine recommendations:

1. Create, implement, and monitor a national violence prevention action plan.
2. Increase the capacity for gathering data on violence.
3. Define and support research priorities on the causes, consequences, costs, and prevention of violence.
4. Encourage primary prevention measures.
5. Increase support for victims of violence.
6. Integrate violence prevention into social and educational policies, promoting gender and social equality as a result.
7. Increase collaboration and information exchange on violence prevention.
8. Encourage and monitor adherence to international treaties, laws, and other mechanisms for human rights protection.
9. Seek practical, internationally agreed-upon solutions to the global drug and arms trades.

The commissions agree on the role of municipalities because they are best suited to organizing strategies to address the risk factors that lead to crime. The European Forum for Urban Safety and the United States Conference of Mayors have both emphasized the importance of municipalities tailoring programs to meet the needs of children and women who are at risk.

Situational crime prevention and fraud

One of the tactics used in computer systems designed to eliminate crime from the environment is risk assessment, in which business transactions, clients, and situations are monitored for any features that indicate a risk of criminal activity. Credit card fraud has become one of the most complex crimes in recent years, and despite numerous prevention initiatives, it is clear that more needs to be done to solve the problem. Early warning systems, signs and patterns of different types of fraud, profiles of users and their activities, computer security, and avoiding customer dissatisfaction are all part of fraud management.

The huge volume of data involved; the requirement for fast and accurate fraud detection without disrupting business operations; the ongoing development of new fraud to evade existing techniques; and the risk of false alarms are just a few of the issues that make developing fraud management systems an extremely difficult and challenging task.

In general, there are two types of fraud detection techniques: statistical techniques and artificial intelligence techniques. Among the important statistical data analysis techniques for detecting fraud are:

1. Data sets are grouped and classified to determine patterns and associations.
2. Matching algorithms are used to detect irregularities in user transactions when compared to previous proof.
3. Techniques for validating data, correcting errors, and estimating incorrect or missing data

The following are important Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for fraud management:

The following are important Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for fraud management:
1. Data mining is the process of categorizing and grouping data in order to automatically identify associations and rules that may be indicative of unusual patterns, including those related to fraud.
2. Specialist systems to program expertise in the form of rules for fraud detection.
3. Pattern recognition is used to automatically or manually identify groups or patterns of behavior.
4. Machine learning techniques for automatically detecting fraud characteristics
5. Neural networks that can learn suspicious patterns and later identify them.

Applications

Protective strategies can be implemented in neighborhoods to reduce violent crime. According to the broken windows theory of crime, disorderly neighborhoods can promote crime by demonstrating a lack of social control. According to some studies, changing the built environment can help reduce violent crime. This includes deconcentrating high-rise public housing, changing zoning, limiting the number of liquor licenses available in an area and maintaining and securing vacant lots and buildings.