Baccaurea courtallensis (Phyllanthaceae): A Potential Underutilized Tree from Westernghats

Abstract

Baccaurea courtallensis (Phyllanthaceae), a medium-sized tree, is endemic to South Western Ghats. All the plant parts of B. courtallensis are documented to possess varied medicinal properties and used to treat diseases by folk medicine practitioners. In the recent years, this plant has been investigated scientifically for supporting its traditional claims. Biological activities like anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory are also been reported in B. courtallensis. The fruit of the plant is under-utilized, but are highly nutritional. The present review is an attempt to compile the scientific information on botanical characteristics, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of B. courtallensis and to assess its bioprospection.

Keywords

Antidote; Antipyretic; Bioprospection; Endemic plant; Moottipazham; Underutilized fruit

Introduction

Baccaurea courtallensis (Phyllanthaceae) is a medium-sized tree, is endemic to South Western Ghats. Ahmedullah and Nayar (1986) included the plant in their book, Endemic plants of the Indian region Vol-I. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural recourses (IUCN) has listed this as a threatened species in its Red Data Book, and the tree requires special conservation measures [1]. It is usually seen in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests in Western Ghats from South Canara southwards and adjoining western parts of Tamil Nadu up to 914 m and also reported in Sri Lanka [2]. In Kerala, the tree is found in all districts except Alappuzha. It is christened variously as Kolikukke (Kannada), Mootalpazham, Mootikaippan, Moottithuri (Malalyalam), Maraootipazham (Tamil).

As for the etymology, generic name Baccaurea is a latine derived “bacca-aurea” referring to the golden yellow colour of the fruits, and the specific epithet courtallensis is a geographic indication to its type locality Courtallum in Thirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu by Wight in 1836 (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh-Herbarium). The fruits of the plant are edible [3]. The leaves, fruits, seeds and stem bark of B. courtallensis are documented to possess varied medicinal properties and are used to treat diseases by folk medicine practitioners. The plant is also used in the treatment of diarrhea, diabetes, dysentery, and mouth cancer [4]. Recent studies focus on validation of nutritional analysis and medicinal properties of indigenous underutilized trees species which were formerly known only to the local community. This in turn helps in enhancing its commercial value and better utilization of nature and natural resources.

A total of 100 species under the genus Baccaurea are enlisted out of which B. courtallensis and B. sapida are the only plants reported from India [5]. B. sapida is native to the Southeast Asia region distributed along the sub-Himalayan tract, mostly from Nepal to Sikkim, Darjeeling hills, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Assam, Bhutan, Burma, Penninsular Malaysia, Tibet, and Andaman Islands [6]. The majority of other Bacacurea species belong to the Malayan region [7].

Scientific validation of phytochemicals and biological activities of different parts of B. courtallensis was rarely evaluated and summarized. However recent studies focus more on pharmacological activities and reported significant biological properties. In this context, ethnomedicine gain a status equal to modern medicine and amalgamation of both has been recommended by World Health Organization [8]. It is therefore necessary to assess the relationship between claims on traditional medicinal uses with its phytochemical constituents and biological activity. The present review is an attempt to gather various studies on B.courtallensis with respect to taxonomy, traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. This may count on the possible area of research and development of new drugs.

Literature Review

Taxonomy

Baccaurea courtallensis (Wight) Mull. Arg. is validly published by Müller Argoviensis in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (1866) with earlier author Wight in the parenthesis. It was earlier included under Euphorbiaceae according to the Bentham and Hooker classification (1862-1883). Pierardia courtallensis Wight, P. macrostachya Hook f. and Baccaurea macrostachya Wight and Arn. Are the synonyms [9]. The earliest report of B. courtallensis in an Indian flora is in the Flora of British India by Hooker. He noted it as an abundant species in all moist forests of the Western Ghats from Canara to South Travancore. Rao included it in the Flowering plants of Travancore mentioning its uses as edible and referring to its fruit acid. Gamble in his Flora of Presidency of Madras included B. courtallensis mentioning its distribution. The species could be seen in several other floras published after Gamble including, The genus Baccaurea Euphorbiaceae, The Flora of Kerala, Flora of Western Ghats, Flora of Cannanore, Flora of Palghat District, Flowering plants of Thrissur Forests, Flora of Calicut, Flora of Quilon District, Flora of Kasaragod Division, Cannanore District , Flora of Pathanamthitta District, Flora of Thiruvanathapuram District (Mohanan and Henry, Flora of Periyar Tiger Reserve, Flora of Thenmala Division, Flora of Nilambur, Floristic Studies of Agasthyamala, Floristic studies in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary and Floristic Studies in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary [10-12]. The species is included in checklists of Endemic plants of Waynad district, Endemic trees of Peppara wildlife sanctuary, Flowering plants of Kerala and Tree Species Conserved in the Thiruvananthapuram Napier Museum and Zoological Park Garden. Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu studied the diversity and conservation status of medicinal plants of the family Euphorbiaceae in Tirunelveli hills and reported B. courtallensis to be endemic and vulnerable. But Ramesh et al. in 2016 documented that the tree is at low risk category for conservation. Yogeesha et al. Mentioned the plant as under-utilized fruit species of Western Ghats [13].

Baccaurea courtallensis is a monoecious tree of 7-18 m tall with grayish bark. Flowers are crimson red and are born on the main trunk of the tree. At full bloom condition, the tree appears to be a crimson mass. During the time of anthesis, the flower emits a pleasant smell to attract the pollinators. Mohan has describes the possibility of less regeneration of B. courtallensis dues to consumption of fruits by local residents and tortoise. The cauline nature of the plant is very much important for the ecological community where it grows [14]. The fleshy aril around the seed is consumed as raw. Joseph et al. reported that preliminary observation of B. courtallensis on its natural populations and their fruit characters indicate the existence of a good amount of genetic heterogeneity within the population. Jyothish et al. reported variation in flower colour in B. courtallensis.

Botanical description

Trees 15-18 m tall; bark greyish; branchlets rough. Leaves 10-18 x 1.5-8 cm, simple, alternate, often clustered towards the tip of branchlets,; Petiolate, cuneate to attenuate base with acuminate apex; margin entire, sometimes crenulate, lanceolate; petiole 0.5-5.5 cm long, slender, glabrescent or puberulous; lateral nerves 4-7 pairs, pinnate, slender, brochidodromous nerve endings. Flowers are unisexual, crimson red, in densely clustered slender racemes forming rings around on tree trunk. Male flowers; bracts, 1.40-1.49 mm long, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or triangular, free, conduplicate, encircling the base of lateral branches; tepals 2.17-2.24 mm long, linear, oblong, elliptic, suborbicular or oblanceolate, glabrous or sparsely puberulous. Stamens 4-8, free; anthers 0.51-0.52 mm long basifixed; filaments 0.45-0.47 mm; pistillode clavate. Female flowers; bracts, 0.55-0.60 mm, lanceolate; tepals 4.25-4.70 mm, oblong or oblong-elliptic, sparsely puberulous to glabrous, ciliate. Ovary 3.01-3.17 mm long, superior, ovoid or subglobose, 3-locular, ovules 2 in each cell, 3-angled, tomentose. Stigmas 3, flabellate [15]. Capsule 1.2-4.5 x 8.5-12 cm, 11-28 gms, subglobose, ovoid, ellipsoid or obovoid, 3 locular, thick walled, pinkish red when ripe, brown when dry, often pubescent, dehiscent. Seeds 3, oblong, flat, leathery outer coat, inner coat brown, aril white.

Ethnobotany

Baccaurea courtallensis is an underutilized forest tree species used as medicine by folk practioners. The plant is commonly used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery and skin infections. The bark of the plant is used as a tonic in disorders of mucous membrane and to heal wounds and its root is used in controlling diabetes. Fruit of B.courtallensis is used by Kani tribes of Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve to induce fertility in men and women [16-18]. Kani healers of Thirunelveli Hills use the plant in herbal preparations. Kani tribes of Thachamali Hills of Kanyakumari District consume the fruit to cure mouth and stomach ulcers. Kani tribes inhabiting in areas of Kanyakumari wildlife sanctuary consume the raw fruit of B. courtallensis to cure constipation.The pericarp of tender fruit is consumed as antipyretics by the Kani Tribes of Agasthyamalai Hills. Kurichia tribes of Wayanad District use root paste and leaf paste of B. courtallensis mixed with required quantity of hot water and taken internally in the form of tablets to treat piles. Leaves, fruits and stem grind together are taken internally as antidote. Paniya tribes of Wayanad District, Kani tribes of Agasthiayamalai Biosphere Reserve, Muthuvan Tribes of Idukki District, Kadar Tribes of Vazhachal forest division, Thrissur district and folks belonging to Malampandarangal tribal group consume the fruit, and the rind is pickled [19,20].

Nutritional composition

Wild fruits even though not much tasty as other cultivated fruits, they possess a good nutritional wealth and show healthy biological activities which are known less to the world. Nowadays people choose for healthy and quality plant-based food products. The nutritional composition of fruit of [21]. B Courtallensis has been documented by Nazarudeen and compared it with that of cultivated jackfruit. The fruit is rich in moisture content (87.33%), fat (2.09%), dietary fiber (1.89%), non-reducing sugar (2.47%), reducing sugar (4.92), and a good profile of mineral elements like potassium (102.43 mg/100 gm), sodium (1.01 mg/100 gm) and iron (1.56 mg/100 gm) are also being reported. Fresh rind was found to be rich in antioxidants, with 237 mg of total phenols and 93 mg of flavonoids per 100 gram fresh weight. Studies have been carried out on the physicochemical properties of the B.courtallensis fruit rind. It was determined by a proximal analysis of fruit rind with 88.56% moisture content, 1.26% ash, 4.75% crude fiber, 1.86% fat, 58.53 mg/100 gm ascorbic acid, 16.50 mg/100 gm flavanoid, 34.40 mg/100 gm tannin, 390 mg/100 gm phenol and 1.54 gm/100 gm carotenoid. Being an excellent source of nutritional components, B. courtallensis fruit can help to rectify the ill effects of under nutrition in humans if incorporated into the diet [22].

Phytochemical profile

A majority of the ascribed biological effects of B.courtallensis extracts have been attributed to their primary and secondary metabolite composition [23]. Primary metabolite analysis has essentially been focused on the leaves and root of B.courtallensis and secondary metabolites on the leaf, root, bark, whole fruit, and fruit rind. Leaf was ground to crude leaf powder and extracted in Ethyl acetate, Iso-butanol, n-Butanol, Cyclohexane, Acetone, Petroleum ether, Benzene, Ethanol, Methanol, n-Hexane and aqueous solvents and showed the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids and phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, steroids, glycosides, emodins, coumarins, gums and mucilages, and anthraquinones. The B.courtallensis fruits were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis and they showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phlobatannins, coumarins, anthocyanins, leucoanthocyanins, phenols, and carbohydrates and tannins. The methanol and benzene extracts of the fruit rind showed the presence of steroids, coumarins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, quinones, and volatile oils. The phytochemical screening of n-Hexane and methanolic bark extract revealed the presence of tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids. Quantitative analysis was also done to determine the total saponins (83.5 mg/g), terpenoids (530.6 mg/g) and phenols (7.4 mg/g) [24]. Root extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, proteins, amino acids, steroids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, coumarins, gums and mucilages. The seed of B. courtallensis was analyzed for oil content. Fatty acid composition revealed the presence of 22.5% oil on a dry kernel weight basis. The composition includes palmitic acid (42.59%), oleic acid (36.15%), stearic acid (16.20%), myristic acid (4.28%), lauric acid (0.40%) and linoleic acid (0.38%). Physicochemical properties of the oil showed an acid value of 1.402, saponification value of 166.89, the refractive index of 0.4239, specific gravity of -0.938, and an optical rotation of α at 29^°C+0.35^° at 589 nm wavelength. Total Phenolic and flavonoid content in leaves of B.courtallensis extract was found to be 131 mg GAE/g and 72.2 mg Rutin Equivalent/g respectively (Table 1) [25-29].

Results and Discussion

Pharmacological activities

Various parts of B.courtallensis show a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory. These activities might probably be due to the coactions of various phytochemicals found in the plant [30].

Antimicrobial activity

The anti-bacterial efficiency of methanolic extract of leaves of B. courtallensis was tested against gram-negative bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and gram positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using well diffusion method. The MIC value of leaves extract against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. Aeruginosa were found to be 2.36 μg/ml, 1.6 μg/ml, 4.68 μg/ml and 37.5 μg/ml respectively and are comparable with that of the standard drug Amoxicillin [31-36]. Ten different concentrations of fruit rind extract of B. courtallensis were tested for their antibacterial activities against different pathogenic bacteria viz., E.coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. aureginosa. The MIC value of methanol extract was 60 μg/ml against E. coli and 70 μg/ml against S. aureus, 70 μg/ml and 80 μg/ml for benzene extract against E. coli and S. aureus respectively. P. vulgaris and P. aeruginosa did not show inhibition and were found to be resistant with micro concentration [37]. The bacteria S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, and Salmonella typhi were selected for antibacterial assay using methanolic bark extract (50 mg/ml) of B. courtallensis. Of the four bacteria selected, E. coli showed a greater zone of inhibition (1.9 cm) followed by S. typhi (1.8 cm), S. aureus (1.7 cm) and B. cereus (1.5 cm). The antibiotic Chloramphenicol (10 mg/ml) was used as standard. The antifungal activity of methanol extracts of bark (50 mg/ml) against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae showed zone of inhibition of 2.1 cm [38-40].

Antihyperlipidemic activity

Sreelakshmi et al. examined the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of methanolic fraction of B. courtallensis leaf in wistar rats using Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemia and high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. The methanol fraction exhibited significant anti-hyperlipidemic activity at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/Kg which is evident by the lowered levels of Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased level of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) to near normal [41].

Antioxidant activity

Jasim et al. have studied antioxidant property of ethanolic leaf extracts of B. courtallensis using the DPPH method and total antioxidant capacity by the Phosphomolybdenum method [42-46]. Different concentrations of the leaf extract, ie 20 μg/ml, 25 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 60 μg/ml, 80 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 150 μg/m and 200 μg/ml were used for DPPH assay. The ethanol leaf extract of 50 μg/ml dosage exhibited 86.34 % of significant free radical scavenging activity and IC50 at a concentration of 43.60 μg/ml. The total antioxidant activity of the extract at 200 μg/ml dosage was found to be equivalent to the activity exhibited by 238 μg/ml of ascorbic acid. Maharani et al. reported that the ethanol extract of B. courtallensis leaves performed a concentration-dependent free radical scavenging activity against DPPH with an IC50 value of 24.41 μg/ml and ascorbic acid with IC50 value 14.19 μg/ml [47-50].

Blessy and Surekha have documented the antioxidant activity of crude aqueous extract of leaf and root of B. courtallensis by five in-vitro radical scavenging assay: DPPH, Nitric oxide, ABTS, FRAP and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The results showed statistically significant difference for DPPH and FRAP. The DPPF free radical scavenging activity of leaf and root extract with IC50 value 1.5 µg/ml and 1 µg/ml respectively. The IC50 values of leaf and root crude aqueous extracts of B.courtallensis are 201. 24 µg/ml and 383.1 µg/ml respectively in FRAP analysis. Currently the need for natural antioxidants is rising due to the ill effects of synthetic antioxidants. In this context leaf and root of B.courtallensis can act as a natural antioxidant [51-55].

Anti-inflammatory activity

The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of B. courtallensis leaves was studied by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test in groups of three rats [56]. The activity of the plant extract was calculated as the degree of oedema inhibition. After three hours of carrageenan injection, the plant extract at 150 mg/kg dose showed 68.18% inhibition and at 450 mg/kg dose, 86.36% inhibition was reported. No mortality was recorded for the oral administration of graded doses of ethanolic plant extract even after 24 hours (Table 1). Non steroid anti- inflammatory drugs causes adverse effect to kidney function. Hence leaves of B. courtallensis can be used as potent anti-inflammatory drug [57-61].

Table 1. Phytochemical analysis of different parts of B.courtallensis.

Ethnobotany and future bioprospection

The scientific validation of the ethnobotany uses of B.courtallensis can be done by conducting various experimentations. Further documentation if biological activities and bioactive compounds can be used to analyze the bioprospecting of B.courtallensis. Then, it can be continued to further research to for commercialization of the products. Herbal medicines are always an inevitable part of the health care of Indian tradition. The use of herbal remedies is more prevalent in people with asthma, jaundice, sinusitis, etc. Today plenty of herb-based drugs are available in the market and most of them are known to have little side effects. From various studies, it is evident that B.courtallensis is a potent herb with antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The fruit is rich in nutrition with a significant amount of antioxidants. Till date no compound has been isolated from this plant. At the same time from B.ramiflora, another species of the same family, a total of thirty compounds have been isolated and characterized so far from different parts of the plant.

Conclusion

The present review summarizes important pharmacological studies on B. courtallensis and serves as the baseline information to carry out further studies at the molecular level. It opens up a new area of research for the scientific world to identify and extract the bioactive compounds, and to conduct tests on toxicity level, clinical trials, and thereby designing of novel drug. Since the tree fruits profusely during the fruiting season, it is possible to make value added products like wine, pickles, and dry fruits from the fruit.

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