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Computer-Assisted HPLC Method Development Using DryLab for Determination of Major Phenolic Components in Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera by using HPLC-PDA-ESI-TOF- MSn

Heba Handoussa1*, Rasha Hanafi2, Ahmed El-Khatib3,4, Michael Linscheid3, Laila Mahran5 and Nahla Ayoub6

1Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt

2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt

3Laboratory of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Humboldt- Universitat zu Berlin, Germany

4Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

5Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, German University in Cairo, Egypt

6Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo, Egypt

*Corresponding Author:
Heba Handoussa
Assistant Professor in Pharmaceutical Biology Department
Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt
Tel: 002 01006049293
E-mail: Handoussaheba@gmail.com

Received Date: 26/12/2016; Accepted Date: 23/01/2017; Published Date: 28/01/2017

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Abstract

Computer–assisted HPLC method development is a tool that uses Design-of- Experiment techniques to optimize HPLC methods with minimal time and cost, especially for complex mixtures like natural extracts. Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera are common edible plants in north Africa that contain a variety of active constituents that have not been completely determined. The aim of this work is to develop and optimize a chromatographic method for the separation and mass spectrometric determination of major components in both herbs. The approach did not use a laboratory prepared mixture of standards, rather it used the extract itself to build the response surface that relates resolution to gradient time and temperature. The predicted optimum conditions are column temperature = 30, 50°C, gradient time = 100, 25 min from 5% to 100% acetonitrile for both Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera, respectively at flow rate of 1 mL min-1. These in-silico conditions showed capacity factors in range of (88.5-96%) within the fact of complexity of their matrices. Several metabolites were identified in both edible plants using HPLC-PDA-HRESI-MSn including flavonoids, glycosides and phenolic acids.

Keywords

DryLab, Corchorus olitorius, Vitis vinifera, phenolics, HPLC-MS.

Introduction

In recent years, the physiological functionality of foods has received much attention due to the increasing interest in human health and has been studied in vitro and in vivo by many researchers, Human consumes and utilizes a variety of vegetable materials in the form of leaves, roots, seeds and fruits. Moreover, there is growing evidence that vegetables and fruits are good sources of natural bioactive molecules, namely some vitamins, carotenoids and phenolic compounds [1]. Corchorus olitorius Vitis vinifera are among most popular edible plants in northern Africa and Mediterranean region. They are indigenous in Egypt [2,3].

Corchorus olitorius (mentioned as Molkhyia or Jew’s Mallow) is an afro-arabian annual herb. It is rich in a flavonoid content of kaempferol glycosides, rutin and isoquercitrin , a phenolic content 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinicacid, quercetin 3-galactoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-(6-malonylglucoside) and it is considered a vitamins’ source of carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, fatty acids and minerals [4-6] . It is reported to have demulcent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative and tonic properties [6]. Molokhyia is a folk remedy for aches and pains, and swellings. In addition, the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever and gonorrhea. The cold infusion is said to restore the appetite and strength. Furthermore, it is an ingredient of facial creams, lotions, hair tonics and hand creams [7].

On the other hand, Vitis vinifera (grape) is a perennial woody vine native to Asia which was introduced in Europe and other continents [8]. Vitis vinifera (mentioned as grapevine, European grape) has been used as sort food and beverage, as well as remedy against various complaints in traditional medicine worldwide since ancient times [9]. Leaves of the plant have been used to stop bleeding and to treat inflammatory disorders and pain. Leaves are also recorded to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetics as a folk remedy [10]. The leaves of plant are rich in tannins, flavonoids, procyanidins and also contain organic acids, lipids, enzymes and vitamins [11]. Thus, the determination of the active components in these two extracts is required for the evaluation of its quality searching for further pharmacological applications in order to be a gate for drug discovery from natural source.

Determination of these active components using conventional trial-and-error methods is no longer an effective practice so the use of computer-assisted HPLC method development was adopted for the separation of the phenolics’ content followed by their MS determination. DryLab has been in fact previously used for optimization of separation of laboratory prepared mixtures of natural herbal components and naturally obtained extracts [11]. In this study, the elaborated 2-dimensional computer-assisted HPLC method development was based on four basic HPLC runs (Figures 1 and 2) at 2 different gradients and 2 different column temperatures to achieve best resolution between the different phenolic components of Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera followed by LC-MS identification of these components [12].

botanical-sciences-Four-basic

Figure 1: Four basic runs at different tG/T conditions for the aqueous alcohol extract of Corchorus olitorius using 25 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.6 as solvent A and acetonitrile as solvent B (A) 30 min/60°C; (B) 100 min/60°C; (C) 30 min/30°C; (D) 100 min/30°C.

botanical-sciences-Four-basic

Figure 2: Four basic runs at different tG/T conditions for the aqueous alcohol extract of Vitis vinifera using 25 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.6 as solvent A and acetonitrile as solvent B (A) 30 min/60°C; (B) 100 min/60°C; (C) 30 min/30°C; (D) 100 min/30°C.

Material And Methods

Sample Preparation

Plant material of aerial parts of Corchorus olitorius and leaves and their stalks of Vitis vinifera and were collected from the Zoological Garden, Giza, Egypt, in May 2015. The authenticity of species was confirmed by Prof. Dr. Abdel Salam Mohamed Al- Nowiahi, Professor of Taxonomy, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Egypt. The aerial parts (1 Kg) were exhaustively extracted with distilled water (4L). The extract was evaporated in vacuo at low temperature till dryness followed by ethanol extraction. The ethanol soluble extract was evaporated in vacuo till dryness.

HPLC Equipment and Softwares

All HPLC experiments were performed using Thermo Finnigan Spectrasystem, UK (consisting of a P2000 at flow rate 1mL min-1, UV detector at 220 nm and 330 nm, AS 3000, Rheodyne injection valve with 20μl loop autosampler and Chromquest acquisition software). Standards and extracts were applied on the same RP stationary phase: Hypersil Gold Octadecylsilane column (250 mm, 4.5 mm, 5 μm) for all determinations (method development with UV, detector as well as MS detector). The modeling software was DryLab2010 software package, (Molnár Institute for Applied Chromatography, Berlin, Germany). For Optimization of analytical conditions 4 basic experiments consisted of two linear gradient runs using a mobile phase gradient of 5-100% acetonitrile (ACN) in 30 and 100 min, each at two different temperatures: 30°C and 60°C, to explore the effect of temperature on the elution behavior of the phenolics’ components. The 2 components of the mobile phase were ACN and phosphate buffer (pH 2.6; 25 mM). The obtained chromatograms were imported to PeakMatch software (in AIA format) for peak tracking. The calculated dwell volume for the system was 2.3 mL. All standards used to confirm the chemical structure of compounds upon using UV detection in Table 1 were purchased from Sigma– Aldrich (Germany).

Peak # Retention time(min) Compound Formula [M − H] Fragments λ max (nm) References
1 2.7 Quinic acid C7H12O6 191.17 191 310 [17]
2 8.24 Chlorogenic acid C16H18O9 353.33 191 326 Std.
3 17.22 Caffeoylquinic derv. C18H18O9 353.25 191,179 328 [18]
4 50.8 1,5 dicaffeoylquinic acid C25H24O12 515.33 353,191,179,161 330 [19]
5 51.3 3,5dicaffeoyl quinic acid C25H24O12 515.33 353,191,179,173 330 [18]
6 53.3 Quercetin3-O- galactoside (hyperoside). C21H20O12 463.25 301 256/358 Std.
7 53.3 Quercetin3-β-glucoside (Isoquercitrin) C21H20O12 463.25 301 256/358 [19]
8 58.01 Quercetin3-(6 (malonylglucoside) C24H22O15 549.08 505,301 265/357 [5]
9 63.01 Dicaffeoylquinic acid derv. C20H18O9 515.25 353,179 328 [20]

Table 1: Peak assignments using HPLC/PDA/ESI-qTOF-MSn of metabolites detected in hydroalcohol extract from aerial parts of Corchorus olitorius.

HPLC/MS Conditions

Analyses were performed using HP 1100 liquid chromatography equipped with Photodiodoarray detector and 1100 Mass spectrometer detectors; the interface was an HP 1100 MSD API-electro spray. All the instruments were from Agilent Technology (Palo Alto, CA, USA). The MS analyses were carried out in faculty of Pharmacy, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany, using negative high resolution electrospray ionization mode (HRESI), negative ion mode, 10L min-1 dry gas flow at temperature 350°C with a fragmentation voltage range 80-150 V, capillary voltage of +4 kV , scans at m/z 100-1000 equipped with Varian Polaris 3 C18-Ether , 3 μm 150 x 1 mm with a guard column, the solvents were (A) 2% Acetic acid (pH 2.6) and (B) 80% methanol, 2% acetic acid, pH 2.6. The gradient elution was from 5% to 50% B at 30°C in Corchorus olitorius extract and 7-27%B at 40°C in Vitis vinifera extracts at a flow rate of 100 μl min-1 and the sample injection volume was of 20 μl.

Results And Discussion

Computer-Assisted HPLC Method Development Using Dry Lab

An attempt was made to create a complete separation of the phenolic content of hydro-alcohol extract of Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera. The main problem in separation of complex natural mixtures (e.g. plant extracts) is finding systems which have different selectivity to allow effective separation especially when investigated compounds have closely related structures. Computer-assisted HPLC method development on reversed stationary phase can be performed in one, two or three dimensions of space, where each dimension represents one chromatographic factor. Separation of complex plants extract usually fails with the one dimensional approach where only %B is varied isocratically with monitoring of resolution, coelution of closely related compounds is inevitable [13]. Separation of the compounds of interest in the present study, phenolics in Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera represents a challenging scenario due to this similarity in structures. Hence a two dimensional response surface (resolution map) was attempted by varying gradient time (tG) with temperature (T) Since peaks necessarily vary in retention factors between the four runs, peak matching among different chromatograms needed to be performed using peak areas as attributors for the identity.

Aided with the obtained resolution map (Figures 3 and 4), the predicted chosen optimum conditions were gradient elution 5-50% buffer-acetonitrile in 100 min at T=30°C at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1 and detection at 330 nm and gradient elution 7-27%, 25 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.6 -acetonitrile, tG 30 min, T=50°C, at 1 mL min-1, detected at 220nm for Corchorus olitorius and Vitis vinifera respectively.

botanical-sciences-phenolic-components

Figure 3: Two dimensional resolution map for separation of 13 phenolic components of the aqueous alcohol extract of Corchorus olitorius, tG versus T to change in resolution Rs showing different resolution values for the critical peak pair. Blue areas show the least resolution which increases to the maximum at the red areas.

botanical-sciences-phenolic-components

Figure 4: Two dimensional resolution map for separation of phenolic components of the aqueous alcohol extract of Vitis vinifera, tG versus T to change in resolution Rs showing different resolution values for the critical peak pair. Blue areas show the least resolution which increases to the maximum at the red areas.

The complex nature of Corchorus olitorius extract is due to the presence of a variety of minor components (more than 10 compounds) together with the numerous major compounds of interest, a large number of runs had to be performed before finally obtaining the satisfactory reproducible runs with regard to all 13 peaks. The choice of runs for introduction in the peak match process was a challenging decision: there was always a slight retention time deviation between some pairs of peaks in different runs even between the most reproduced ones. We believe that this factor was a decisive factor that might have led to some inconsistency between the predicted-experimental chromatograms (Figures 5 and 6). Nevertheless, error in prediction was in the narrow range of ± 3 min quite similar values to other studies in the field [14]. In addition, it should be noted that the selectivity (peak order) did not change significantly in the experimental versus predicted and this provides valuable information about the specificity of the method. In these previous published studies a synthetic mixture of authentic reference compounds was used for peak matching to generate the resolution map - rather than the natural extract itself as performed in our study - which offered better reproducibility and eased the matching process [13,14]. Nevertheless, in these 2 studies, the accuracy of prediction was still unsatisfactory because of –in our opinion- the ignorance of the inevitable difference between the prepared synthetic mixture and the mystery of the natural extract composition. In that later case, unexpected peaks (that are not part of the synthetic mixture) appear only in the experimental chromatogram and one is fortunate their retention factor did not coincide with the targeted peaks [14].

botanical-sciences-Predicted-chromatogram

Figure 5: Predicted chromatogram using Dry Lab for an optimum separation conditions for components of the aqueous alcohol extract of Corchorus olitorius containing phenolics. The predicted conditions were found to be gradient elution 5-50%B. Mobile phase A: 25 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.6, mobile phase B: acetonitrile, tG 100 min, T=30°C at 1 ml min-1, detected at 330 nm. (B) Experimental chromatogram for the same extract at the predicted optimum conditions.

botanical-sciences-Predicted-chromatogram

Figure 6: Predicted chromatogram using DryLab® for a optimum separation conditions for components of the aqueous alcohol extract of Vitis vinifera containing phenolics. The predicted conditions were found to be gradient elution 7-27%B. Mobile phase A: 25 mM phosphate buffer pH 2.6, mobile phase B: acetonitrile, tG 30 min, T=50°C, at 1 ml min-1, detected at 330 nm. (B) Experimental chromatogram for the same extract at the predicted optimum conditions.

To study the effect of changing the gradient time (tG) and the column temperature (T) on the resolution of the critical peak pair (i.e. peak pair with the least resolution), the 4 basic runs were exported to DryLab software in AIA format, after peak tracking was accomplished for subsequent modeling. The “critical resolution map” was automatically computed by the software. Virtually, the best resolution could be obtained at the working conditions expressed in the lower right side of the resolution map for Corchorus olitorius, (Figure 3). These conditions can be summarized as follows: a linear gradient (5–50% B) in 100 min at 30°C and a flow rate of 1 mL min-1, while for Vitis vinifera the best resolution can be obtained at the upper right side of the resolution map, (Figure 4). These conditions can be summarized as follows: a linear gradient (7-27% B) in 30 min at 50°C and a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. Although conditions vary slightly between UV and MS detection regarding temperature and B composition, yet results still lie in the robust area with optimum resolution which is proven by similarity of chromatograms obtained from both detectors.

However, in Vitis vinifera, prediction was significantly more accurate (± 0.6 min) because of the limitation of the targeted compounds to 2 in this extract instead of 13 in the Corchorus olitorius extract (Figure 6).

Our method used a linear gradient to separate the phenolic content of Corchorus olitorius in contrast to previously reported stepwise gradient; linear gradient is easier to control and hence offers a more robust method. Furthermore, our method was able to separate and identify 13 compounds which represent a larger number of phenolic compounds compared to other methods. Excellent resolution was obtained between all peaks of interest, even the critical peak pair (pair of peaks with the least resolution) where Rs was more than 1. While other reported methods [13,14] were not able to exceed 0.5 for the critical peak pair. All these features in our developed method represent an improvement in the separation of the phenolics’ content in Corchorus olitorius leaves.

The method reported in this work for separation of phenolics from Vitis vinifera leaves is the first of its kind a- interestinglyno other methods were reported about the same content of the herb [15,16] (Figures 7 and 8).

botanical-sciences-mass-spectrum

Figure 7: Negative LC/ESI/mass spectrum of phenolics from the aqueous alcohol extract of Corchorus olitorius.

botanical-sciences-Vitis-vinifera

Figure 8: Negative LC/ESI/mass spectrum phenolics from the aqueous alcohol extract of Vitis vinifera.

Identification of Phenolics’ Content by HPLC/PDA/HRESI/MSn

The method development strategy was employed to produce a MS compatible separation for this phenolics’ mixture to make a less complicated mixture that would still give good peak shape and acceptable resolution of the compounds. The structural identification of each compound was carried out mainly on the basis of its UV-Vis spectrum, retention time on reverse phase and MS spectra obtained by applying different fragmentation energies with HRESI technique. Moreover, the use of standard reference compounds and / or laboratory extracts helped to complete the identification. All the identified compounds are listed in Table 1 and the results are discussed for each nutraceutical.

Corchorus olitorius extract showed phenolic components as highlighted in Table 1 that were confirmed by the presence of several caffeoyl derivatives (peaks 2 - 5 and 9) as major constituents of the aqueous alcohol extract [17]. Chlorogenic acid (peak 2) showed the deprotonated molecule [M-H] - (m/z 353) and the fragment peak ion corresponding to the deprotonated quinic acid (m/z 191), the chlorogenic acid was further confirmed when the authentic standard was subjected to HPLC under the same conditions, appeared on the same retention time and showed complete overlapped peak [18]. Peak 3 showed mass spectral data consistent with those reported to 4-caffeoyl quinic derivatives as the fragment peak of (m/z 173) is specific for 4 substituent caffeoyl quinic derivatives [19,20]. The difference between the two positional isomers namely 1,5 dicaffeoyl quinic acid (peak 4) and 3,4 dicaffeoyl quinic acid (peak 5) based on the difference in fragmentation pattern, although both of them gave the same expected molecular ion [diCQ-H+]- at m/z 515 as in case of 1,5 dicaffeoylquinic acid (peak 4) MS base peak [diCQ-cinnamate-H+]- at m/z 353 and absence of (m/z 335) which is indicative to 5 substituent caffeoyl quinic derivatives while 3,4 dicaffeoylquinic acid was distinguished by its unique pattern in which MS3 got a strong ion (<50% of base peak) at m/z 179 and (m/z 173) peak 9 was proven to be of the dicaffeoyl derivative due to its fragmentation pattern [21]. The different sequence of elution was not as expected due to those caffeoylquinic acid derivative with a greater number of free equatorial hydroxyl groups in the quinic acid residue are more hydrophilic than those with a greater number of free axial hydroxyl groups [21]. Many flavonol O-glycosides were found in Corchorus olitorius such as quercetin 3-O-galactoside (hyperoside); peak 6, the spectra showed both the deprotonated molecule [M- H]_ of the glycoside and the ion corresponding to the deprotonated aglycone [A-H] _. The fragment ion at (m/z 301) is formed by loss of the glucose or galactose moiety from the glycosides. No ions characteristic of the sugar part were observed in the negative ion mode as the (m/z 179) appeared due to the loss of ring B of flavonol structure, in addition to comparative study was done to the authentic standard material and that was the only way to differentiate from quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) which exhibited the same mass spectrum [22,23]. In addition to quercetin 3-O-(6-malonylglucoside) which gave two prominent fragment ions at m/z 505 and 301.

The major phenolic compound in Vitis vinifera; Table 2 peak 4 was identified as quercetin-3-O-glucuronide having UV maximum absorption bands at 260 and 350 nm with depronated molecule (m/z 447) and MS2 at m/z 301 besides the MS3 at m/z 151 showed that a quercetin aglycone. The second major compound found as peak 2 presented the cinnamic-type UV spectrum, [M-H]- molecular ion at m/z 311 and fragment ions at m/z 179 which coincided with the mass of caffeic acid, and was thus identified as caftaric acid [24].

Peak # Retention time(min) Compound Formula [M − H] Fragments λ max (nm) References
1 2.69 Quinic acid C7H12O6 191.17 191 310 [17]
2 6.8 unidentified C8H12O7 311.17 179 320  
3 32.28 Hesperitin C16H14O6 301.17 157 265/354 [26]
4 33.3 Quercetin-glucuronide C21H18O13 477.33 301,179,151 260/350 Std.
5 34.8 Quercetin3-O-rutinoside (rutin). C27H30O16 609.42 300 265/354 [21], std.
6 37.8 Luteolin7-O-hexoside. C21H20O11 447.33 285 260/348 [19]
7 40 Cyanidin3–O- glucoside. C21H21O11 447.33 287 220/230 [22]
8 40.9 kaempferolcoumaroylhexoside. C27H30O16 593.33 284 265/356 [23]
9 45.9 Quercetin C15H10O7 301.17 179 255/320 [24]

Table 2: Peak assignments using HPLC/PDA/ESI-qTOF-MSn of metabolites detected in hydroalcohol extract from leaves of Vitis vinifera.

Quercetin -3-O- rutinoside (rutin) (peak 5) was one of the main flavonol glycosides identified in Vitis vinifera, UV absorption bands at 260 and 345 nm, it exhibited the fragment ion peaks typical to those of glycosyl derivatives (losses of terminal sugars), with ions at m/z 463 [M-H-Rha]- and m/z 301 [M-H-Rha-Glu]-; this latter ion corresponds to the [M-H]- ion of the aglycone quercetin. This information concludes that, compound 5 is quercetin -3-O- rutinoside, and this conclusion was supported by comprising its ESI-MSn spectra with those of an authentic sample. Two glycosides were also detected and identified according to their UV spectral data and ESI fragmentation pattern as luteolin 7-O-glucoside (peak 6) and the anthocyanin monoglucoside (cyanidin 3–O-glucoside); peak7 [22,23]. Compound 8 was identified as kaempferol coumaroyl glucoside with UV maximum absorption at 250/356 nm, (MS m/z 594, MS/MS m/z = 284) [25,26]. Compound 3 was identified as hesperitin which exhibits parent peak at m/z 301(M-1) which is formed by cleavage of glycoside link in hesperidine and supported by ion peak at m/z 157, however, according to some authors hesperitin should be eluted after quercetin (peak 9) in a reversed phase column [27]. In this study, results showed the opposite trend where quercetin (peak 9) eluted after hesperitin (peak 3), furthermore, these results similar to the reported one [28].

The identification of such compounds seems to be limited within the complexity of both extracts, but this study is directing towards the major compounds in each extract and to be correlated with the biological activity as antinflammatory and anticancer which was discussed in another publication [29].

Conclusion

The present study represents the development of a real robust method to establish a chromatographic profile of the aqueous alcohol extract for Corchous olitorouis and the first established chromatographic profiles of the aqueous alcohol extract for Vitis vinifera, with the aid of DryLab software which allows the chromatographer to develop a robust HPLC method for more efficiently and faster separation of complicated extracts than the traditional trial and error approach. Based on the results obtained from DryLab, the identification of the major phenolic compounds of both entitled plants were performed be adopting LC-PDA-HRESI-MSn.

References