Current Researches on Plants Having Antidiabetic Potential: An Overview

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a major threat to global public health as the world wide incidences rising day by day and now emerging as global epidemic affecting approximately 285 million people worldwide that will increase to 439 million by 2030. International Diabetic Federation (IDF) has estimated that by 2025 every fifth diabetic subject in world will be an Indian. As the disease progresses, tissue or vascular damage ensues leading to severe diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular complications and ulceration and projected as the World’s main disablerand killer in the next 25 years.Therefore, the management of diabetes is still challenging one. In last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects. There is a great demand for search on safer and cost effective natural products with anti-diabetic properties. Various scientific studies have confirmed the beneficial effect of plants with antidiabetic effects in the management of Diabetes mellitus in Streptozotocin and Alloxan induced diabetic animal models. In present reviewmedicinal plants with antidiabetic activity are enlisted based on article published in various scientific journals.

Keywords

Antidiabetic, hypoglycemic, Streptozotocin, Alloxan, Blood glucose.

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. Several distinct types of DM exist and are caused by a complex interaction of genetics and environmental factors. Depending on the etiology of the DM, factors contributing to hyperglycemia include reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production. The metabolic dysregulation associated with DM causes secondary pathophysiologic changes in multiple organ systems that impose a tremendous burden on the individual with diabetes and on the health care system[1].Diabetes mellitus is a global health crisis, which has been persistently affecting the humanity, irrespective of the socioeconomic profile and geographic location of the population. According to an estimate, one person is detected with diabetes every 5 sec somewhere in the world, while someone dies of it every 10 sec.[2]Many synthetic hypoglycemic agents are currently available but they are either too expensive or produce undesirable side effects on chronic use[3].Plants and plant derived compounds have a great potential to cure and control diabetes, additionally they are safer and cost effective. Since the antiquity Diabetes has been treated with plant medicines and many plants were known for their antihyperglycaemic activity across the world. Now a days more than 400 plants species having hypoglycemic property and many of them still remain to be scientifically evaluated.[4,5] Plant possess various phyto constituent whichseemstobetheactivehypoglycemic principles, suggests different sites of action within the body. Most of the researches are carried out to evaluate the therapeutic effect of the plants along with their mode of action.Plants shows antidiabetic activity with various mechanism, i.e.- alteration of glucose metabolism, insulin like effect/insulinotropic action, Improve glucose tolerance, reduction of absorption of glucose from intestine, enhancing insulin signal pathway, hypoglycemia through increase glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, inhibiting for α -glucosidase and α-amylase, reduction of insulin resistance, reduction of oxidative stress and protecting against tissue damage, generation of beta cell in pancreas etc. After reviewing the recent research articles in various well established scientific journals, here 156 plants with antidiabetic potential are summarized in tabular form.

Conclusion

Plant products can be used as adjuvants or even may replace the synthetic drugs in the antidiabetic treatment, as they have no proven side effects and they can help reduce the costs associated with the treatment. By putting a bird’s eye view on aforesaid plants, we found that lots of researches were carried out on plants having potent antidiabetic potential to establish their pharmacological activity and mechanism of action. During the management of diabetes by keeping every possibility of mechanism of each drug provides a basic knowledge for a compound formulation. Still most of the pharmacological activities were limited to animal model; hence clinical trial of individual as well as compound formulation should be conducted in order to establish the safety and effectiveness of above said claim. This review can be used as ready reckoner for further research as well as clinical purpose.

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