Keywords
|
| Switched Reluctance Motor(SRM),Front end converter, Buck type switch mode rectifier, Battery. |
INTRODUCTION
|
| Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) possesses many advantages [1] and [2], such as simplicity and robustness in motor structure and converter circuit, high power density, high acceleration capability, and suitability for highspeed operation. Hence, SRM is very suited in many specific applications, wherein the automotive is a typical example. However, SRM suffers from the drawbacks of having high torque ripple, high vibration and acoustic noise and nonlinear torque dynamics. As generally recognized, electric vehicles (EVs) possess many advantages, such as high fossil fuel for driving energy conversion efficiency, motor-regenerative braking capability, fewer local exhaust emissions, and less acoustic noise and vibration. . A drive with a reluctance motor (SRM and converter) has higher efficiency than one realized using an induction motor with converter. It is of basic importance to minimize the amount of energy consumption by vehicles with electric drive. There have been some existing specific front end converters [3]-[6] for SRMs. In [3], a front-end single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) is developed to achieve dc-link voltage boosting and obtain high ac line drawn power factor. As for the front-end converters with dc power sources [4]–[6], a buck type converter and its switching control were presented in [4]. It can only provide variable dc-link voltage below the input voltage, and the reduced demagnetization voltage leads to longer winding tail current and thus reduced average torque. |
| Switch-Mode Rectifier (SMR)[7]-[9], has been increasingly utilized to replace the conventional rectifiers as the front-end converter for many power equipments. Through proper control, the input line drawn current of a SMR can be controlled to have satisfactory power quality and provide adjustable and well-regulated DC output voltage. |
FRONT END CONVERTER FED WITH SRM DRIVE
|
| The front-end converter is employed to regulate and/or boost the dc-link voltage of the SRM drive in motor driving mode. In idle mode, the proposed front-end converter is arranged as a switch-mode rectifier (SMR) to charge the battery from mains. Four diodes of the motor converter are utilized to form the rectifier of the SMR, and the inductances of two motor windings are used as the input filter components during each half ac cycle. Good charging performance with satisfactory line drawn power quality is obtained |
| Fig.1 shows the front end converter fed with SRM drive. Sf1, Df1, Sf2 and Df2 in Fig. 1 construct a two-quadrant front end converter. The circuit schematics during two operation modes are arranged as: |
| 1) Battery discharging mode |
| 2) Battery charging mode |
 |
| 1) Battery discharging mode |
| • SWf: closed; Sf2, Df1: permanently off. |
| • Sf1, Df2 : construct a dc–dc boost converter to let the dc-link voltage be regulated and boosted. |
| 2) Battery charging mode |
| • SWf: opened; Sf1,Df2: permanently off. |
| • Sf2, Df1 and D1 ~ D4, L1,L2 (embedded components of SRM and its converter): construct a buck-type SMR for charging the battery from utility. The imbedded four power diodes D1 ~ D4 and the winding inductances L1, L2 are employed to form the rectifier and the input filter components of the SMR. |
Battery powered SRM drive in battery discharging mode
|
| In battery discharging mode, front end dc-dc converter act as a boost converter. Battery is a source which give supply to SRM drive. Therefore battery get discharged. When switch Sf1 is opened, battery voltage is given to the motor. Otherwise energy get stored in inductor L. |
| Fig 2.shows the battery powered SRM drive in discharging mode. The dc–dc boost front-end converter is formed using L,Sf1 and Df2 in the proposed front end converter. |
 |
| Design of converter parameter |
| Using Faraday’s law for the boost converter |
 |
| from which the dc voltage transfer function turns out to be |
 |
| The peak – peak current ripple can be calculated by |
 |
| The filter capacitor must provide the output dc current to the load when the diode D is off. The minimum value of the filter capacitance that results in the voltage ripple Vr is given by |
 |
| By using these, the values of L & C for front end converter are calculated. |
| L=19.73e-6H |
| C=4700e-6F |
BATTERY POWERED SRM DRIVE IN BATTERY CHARGING MODE
|
| In idle battery charging mode, vehicle is plugged into ac mains. AC voltage is rectified to DC by Switch Mode Rectifier (SMR). Four diodes of the motor converter are utilised to form the bridge rectifier of the SMR and two windings of motor are used the buck SMR input filter inductors during each half ac cycle. Then the rectified DC |
| Fig 3.shows the Circuit diagram of battery powered SRM drive in charging mode. The dc-dc buck front-end converter is formed using L,Sf2 and Df1 in the proposed front end converter. |
 |
| A. Open Loop Control Scheme |
| Fig 4. shows the open loop circuit configuration of battery powered SRM drive in charging mode. In this case, the switch Sf 2 and the diode Df 1 in Fig 4 are arranged to be the active devices. |
| AC voltage,Vac from mains is rectified to DC voltage,Vd. by switch mode rectifier. Then the rectified dc voltage is given as a input to the buck converter. Switch Sf2 and Diode Df1 are employed to step down the rectified voltage Vd to battery voltage Vb and then the battery get charges. |
 |
B. Closed Loop Control Scheme
|
| Fig 5. shows the close loop circuit configuration of battery powered SRM in charging mode. In this case, the switch Sf 2 and the diode Df 1 in Fig 5. are arranged to be the active devices. |
 |
| In closed loop control scheme, the actual battery voltage is multiplied with voltage gain, KV and then it is compared with the reference voltage. The error is given to the voltage controller (PI) GCV(S). The output of voltage controller is multiplied with reference sine wave which is generated by a reference signal generator. The actual inductor current is multiplied with current gain,KI and then compared with reference current. The error is given to the current controller(PI),GCI(S). The output of the current controller is compared with ramp signal, the pulse Will be generated. This generated pulse is given as a switching pulse to the switch Sf2 in closed loop circuit. |
| 1) Current Controller: The feedback charging controller is chosen as: |
 |
| and the current sensing scaling factor Ki = 0.12V/A is set. |
| 2)Voltage Controller: Since the response speed of a battery floating voltage charging controller is not a critical concerned issue, for simplicity the following PI controller is chosen: |
 |
SIMULATION RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
|
| This paper presents simulation for 2.3kW,8/6 SRM. Table 1 gives the specifications of Motor and Front end converter used for MATLAB simulation. |
 |
| Fig 6 and 7 shows the waveform of open loop output voltage and close loop output voltage of the battery powered SRM drive in charging mode respectively. |
 |
| Obtained open loop Output voltage is 51V. |
 |
| Obtained close loop Output voltage is 48V. The output voltage is well regulated in closed loop control scheme. |
| Fig 8 and 9 shows the open loop inductor current and the closed loop inductor current of battery powered SRM drive in charging mode. |
 |
| The value of obtained open loop inductor current is 10A. |
 |
| The value of obtained closed loop inductor current is 12A. |
| Fig 10. shows the speed characteristics of SRM drive in discharging mode. The speed settles at 1000 RPM. |
 |
| Fig 11. Shows the THD of source current(Iac). The measured Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for source current (iac) = 30.21% |
 |
CONCLUSION
|
| In this paper, a battery powered SRM drive equipped with a two-quadrant front-end converter has been presented. In charging mode, the proposed front-end converter is arranged to serve as a buck-type SMR to charge the battery with good line power quality. The distinct feature of the developed circuit is that four diodes of the motor converter and the inductances of two motor windings are efficiently used to form the rectifier and the input filter of SMR, respectively. The simulation results of open loop and close loop scheme for battery powered SRM in charging mode using MATLAB/SIMULINK are presented. Output voltage is well regulated in close loop control scheme than open loop control scheme. |
References
|
- T. J. E. Miller, Switched Reluctance Motors and Their Control. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1993.
- R. Krishnan, Switched Reluctance Motor Drives. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.
- T. Gopalarathnam and H. A. Toliyat, “A high power factor converter topology for switched reluctance motor drives,” IEEE Industry Applications Conference, vol. 3, pp. 1647- 1652, 2002.
- P. Vijayraghavan and R. Krishnan, “Front-end buck converter topology for SRM drives-design and control,” in Proc. IEEE IECON Conf., 2003,pp. 3013–3018.
- A. K. Jain and N. Mohan, “SRM power converter for operation with high demagnetization voltage,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1224–1231, Sep./Oct. 2005.
- K. T. Weng and C. Pollock, “Low-cost battery-powered switched reluctance drives with integral batterycharging capability,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1676–1681, Nov./Dec. 2000.
- Hung-Chun Chang and Chang-Ming Liaw, “On the front end converter and its control for a battery powered Switched Reluctance Motor drive”,IEEE transactions on power electronics vol.23,issue. 4,ppp-2143-2156,july 2008.
- Hung-Chun Chang and Chang-Ming Liaw, “A Battery Powered Switched-Reluctance Motor Drive Established using Three-Phase Power Module”,in proc.PEDS,2009,pp.643-648.
- Hung-Chun Chang and Chang-Ming Liaw, “Development of a Compact Switched-Reluctance Motor Drive for EV Propulsion With Voltage-Boosting and PFC Charging Capabilities”, IEEE transactions on vehicular technology vol 58, issue.74,pp-3198-3125,September 2009.
|
Menu