Research & Reviews: Journal of Dental Sciences
Menue-ISSN: 2320-7949 and p-ISSN: 2322-0090
e-ISSN: 2320-7949 and p-ISSN: 2322-0090
1M.D. University Autonoma de Yucatan, Mexico
2Restorative Dentistry, Academic Department of the Dentistry Faculty at the Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Mexico
Received: 11/11/2015 Accepted: 23/01/2016 Published: 01/02/2016
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The aim of this study is to define the Prevalence of exostoses in Yucatan Mayan ascent patients from the Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan (UADY) Dental Faculty, during a 3-month period. Yucatan is the state with highest Mayan ethnic concentration, characterized by a brachiocephalic-exostoses association. Bony asymptomatic anatomical variation growths, located in jaws, resulting of genetic-environmental interaction factors. Methods: Observational, descriptive study, including 122 Yucatan Mayan ascent patients, between 21 and 80 years old. Mayan ascent-based confirmed thru last name verification of two generations back. Data obtained from intraoral examination, recording exostoses location and morphology. Statistical descriptive analysis and chi-square test was performed. Results: Of the 122 patients studied, 25 (20.49%) had exostoses; 68% female 32% male; 28% palatal torus; 36% mandibular torus and 4% vestibular exostoses; 32% in both arches. Shape showed 33% were unilobular flat torus, 27% lobular, 6% nodular, and 34% spindle-shaped. Concerning mandibular torus, 39% unilateral and 61 % bilateral. Prevalence ranges from 13.7% to 28.7% (p = 0.0142), considered statistically significant. Conclusions: There are few studies reporting Mayan population exostoses prevalence, but the results obtained represent a prevalence three times higher than current literature. The potential use of exostoses as sources of autogenous cortical bone for grafting.
Exostoses, Torus, Mayan population
Mayan population has influence in the southeast of Mexico especially in the Yucatan Peninsula area (Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo states), Chiapas, and Central American countries (Guatemala and Belize). The National Indigenous Language Institute estimates the presence of 759,000 speakers of Mayan languages in Mexico; most of them living in Yucatan [1]. The National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Information (INEGI), reported that between 15% and 30% of the population in Yucatan are of Mayan ascent and speakers of the native language [2].
Morley SG defines the Mayan as a population characterized by an average height of 154.61 cm and 142.65 cm, weight of 52.86 kg and 50 kg and a cephalic index average of 85.8 and 86.8 for males and females respectively [3]. Based on archaeological evidence, the Mayan have a wide-flat forehead, wide head (brachycephalic), aquiline nose, straight black hair, high cheekbones, and almond-shaped dark eyes, short neck and broad shoulders [4]. Cucina A mentions that the brachiocephalic skeleton includes individuals with short antero-posterior skulls, forming a round head, due to a diameter, where the length is almost equal in size to the width [3].
Environmental factors, such as soil and hydrology of the Yucatan Peninsula could be associated to the presence of exostoses. The soil consists of limestone, with sandstone that can contain shell material on the coastal area. The lower parts have soils with low permeability coupled with high humidity and proximity to cenotes (natural pits or sinkholes, resulting from the collapse of limestone bedrock that exposes groundwater underneath), factors that are prone to cause flooding and emerging gleysols. These soils contain large amounts of organic material, which explains its low alkalinity [5].
The hydrology of Yucatan coast lagoons are directly correlated with a loading and nutrient dynamics, both associated to contributions from groundwater and wastewater. The relevance of this data stems from the fact that the inhabiting Mayan population, still drink the described water which contains various mineral deposits; condition that could be associated to the appearance of exostoses in the oral cavity [6].
Exostoses are bony, generally asymptomatic, slow development benign outgrowths, considered an anatomical variation and not a pathological condition. When located in palatal surface of the upper jaw they are named: palatal torus (TP), and if located in the lingual mandible surface, mandibular torus (TM) [7,8].
Both the palatal and mandibular torus can develop in two ways: lobular, surrounded by a pedunculated lobular mass that can arise from a single-surface base; and multi-lobular, with multiple protuberances each with its own single-surface base [8]. Palatal torus are developed in the midline of the hard palate as increased of volume circumscribed stony, hard consistency, with a very thin underlying mucosa (normal pink to pale pink). Shape can be: flat, lobular, nodular and spindle-shaped [8,9].
Mandibular torus are observed in the lingual aspect of the mandible, with variations in shape and size. They may be bilateral in more than 80 % and mainly located in the premolar region [9].
Thru x-rays, hemispherical radio opacity is observed on the alveolar ridge. When size is less than 4 mm exostoses are not detected. Histologically exostoses are observed as an adult bone cortex structure, with small stroma and marrow spaces. The differential diagnosis should consider palatal abscess, salivary gland tumors and lymphomas [10-12].
Exostoses prevalence worldwide is varied but on average, it reports at 6.7%. However high data have been reported in European and Asian-oseanic populations 46%; 26% African and south-American and African-Americans had about 25%. In Yucatan a first mixed population study reported 6.7% while in a Mayan population registered a 18.68% [12-14].
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of exostoses in Yucatecan Mayan ascents.
An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. Informed consents were given to patients that participated. The study included Yucatecan Mayan ascent patients with three previous generations including patient, both parents and grandparents, between 21 and 80 years old who assisted to the dentistry school of the UADY, during October 2013 to January 2014. Each patient underwent intraoral clinical examination (NOM 013). For data compilation an instrument was designed containing the general personal patient data and ethnicity; presence or not of exostoses; location unilateral or bilateral in maxilla or jaw and if it was in an anterior, medium or posterior of them; shape (lobular plane, lobulillar, nodular or spindle) and number of lobes (Table 1) [15]. For analysis descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used.
Table 1. Messuring instrument of exostoses in Maya ascent patients, Yucatan, Mexico 2014.
A population of 845 patients, 122 Mayan ascent were studied. 20.49% (n = 25) showed exostoses, 68% female and 32% male. In terms of location, data is showed in (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Exostoses Prevalence according to location in the oral cavity.
Regarding the shape and location of the exostoses are shown in (Figures 2 and 3).
Figure 2. Prevalence of torus palatinus according to shape.
Figure 3. Prevalence of torus mandibularis according to shape.
With 95% of confidence, it can be inferred that the prevalence of patients with exostoses in Mayan ascent is between 13.7% and 28.7%. Distribution by chi-square test showed that sex and shape of exostoses are dependent, statistically with an error of 0.05 (Table 2).
Table 2. Distribution of exostoses according to gender.
This study reported an exostoses prevalence (20.49%) similar to Nunes´ observations (20%) in Brazilian and Latin American population and Guzman (22.16%) in a Colombian population. However Sinistierra reported a 10% in another Colombian population and Meisser a 79.9% in the same country but in a different areas. While Simunkovic in Croatia reported 55.5% and Jainkittivong in Thailand 26.9% [16-18].
Gender reported a higher prevalence in female 68% (17 cases) and male 32% (8 cases) similar to that reported by Guzman in Colombia (57.1%) female, (42.9%) male. In contrast to Simunkovic how reported 61.4% in male and Jainkittivonc with 62.4% [17-19].
Regarding age, it was found that the group 41-60 years reported more frequently coincide with Jainkittivong and Eggen. However, Nunes and Mannotas recorded the highest frequency at ages 21-30 and 14-17 respectively [16-20].
Meza in Washington DC, reported the torus presence in women of different ethnicity. 448 women aged 18-88 years were studied: 302 African-American, 62 Caucasian, 43 Hispanic, 36 Asian and 5 Native American. Torus was detected in 107 African Americans (35.4%), 20 Caucasians (32.3%), 13 Hispanics (30.2%) Asian 14 (38.9%) and in 1 of the 5 native (20%) [21].
According to the location in the mouth: Mandibular Torus (36%) showed a higher prevalence, 61% bilateral and 39% unilateral, coinciding with Guzman how reported Mandibular Torus (66.2%): 74.1% bilateral and 26.9% unilateral and Al Quran, TM (42.6%) and TP (29.8%). However Simunkovic (42.9%) Nunes (60%) and Meisser (47.3%) found a highest prevalence in TP [16,17,19,22].
Regarding the morphology, TP shaped spindle reported (33%) similar to that reported by Simunkovic, who recorded 45.6%, contrasting with Mannotas where flat lobular shape prevailed (24.7%) [17-20].
With 95% confidence it can be inferred that the prevalence of patients with exostosis of Mayan ascent is statistically significant.
In a previous research in a mixed population at the FOUADY prevalence found was 6.7% similar to the world literature. In the actual study in Mayan population it reached to 20% three times more.
No standardized instrument for recording data is available in literature for exostoses that contains the sex, location, shape, number, so in this article a unifide format for data collection is proposed.