Rhizosecretion of The Recombinant Antimicrobial Peptide Ranalexin from Transgenic Tobacco Hairy Roots

Abstract

Rhizosecretion of functional recombinant proteins from in vitro cultured roots into the hydroponic medium offers an attractive technology to simplify down-stream purification procedures. Aim of the present study was the production and secretion of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) ranalexin from Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots which were transformed by agroinfection. A His-tagged ranalexin was expressed under the control of CaMV 35S promoter and directed into the plant secretion pathway by fusing its N terminus to the ER signal peptide of calreticulin. The maximal accumulation of ranalexin in hairy root tissue after 20-25 days of culture accounted for about 3.36% of the total soluble protein. Secreted ranalexin reached a concentration of 0.28 mg/L in the medium on day 25. Extracellular ranalexin level could be increased to 1.64 mg/L by the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone to the culture medium. The secreted ranalexin is active against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria including strains which are multiresistant against antibiotics, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus VRE, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumanii as well as clinical MRSA isolates. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of plant tissue cultures especially tobacco hairy roots as an alternative production system of ranalexin and other antimicrobial peptides.

Keywords

Nicotiana tabacum, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Hairy roots, Antimicrobial peptide (AMP), Ranalexin, Rhizosecretion.

Abbreviations

AMPs: Antimicrobial Peptides; CFU: Colony Forming Unit; ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum; ESI-QTOF MS: Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry; GFP: Green Fluorescent Protein; MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; MS-MS: Tandem Mass Spectrometry; PVP: Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone; SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate; WP: Woody Plant.

Introduction

Several heterologous systems have been used to produce peptides of different size, 3D structures, and requiring different posttranslational modifications. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are small membrane-active peptides detected in many organisms (plants, animals) which function as natural defences against microbial pathogens. They can be useful as new antibiotics against multiresistant bacteria [1]. AMPs can be obtained by chemical synthesis or by genetic engineering as recombinant proteins. More than 80% of AMPs have been produced in bacteria, the rest in yeasts [2].

Recently, AMP genes have been transferred into plants mainly for crop improvement, since such transgenic plants show an enhanced resistance against microbial infections. Several natural cationic AMPs or their analogues have been synthesized in engineered transgenic plants like tomato, tobacco, rice, potato, cotton, banana and Arabidopsis [3-14]. Also the production of vaccines has been achieved in tobacco chloroplasts such as C4V3 (anti HIV virus) and EtMIC2 (against chicken coccidiosis) [15,16]. Despite various strategies that have been employed to enhance the expression of foreign genes in intact plants, the lack of protein stability and degradation in host tissues is believed to be a reason why many AMP-transformed plants have not shown a significant increase in disease resistance [17-19]. If plants are used to produce recombinant proteins, the extraction and purification of recombinant proteins, including AMPs, from plant tissues can be time-consuming; also yields are usually low which limit a large scale production of AMPs in plants. In order to overcome these problems, secretion based systems have been developed in which the products accumulate in the culture medium [20].

As an alternative to whole plants, plant tissue cultures are increasingly used to produce valuable pharmaceutical proteins. In vitro cultures have several advantages like independence of field cultivation conditions, and the availability of cheap and simple media. In addition protein recovery is simplified in cultures especially from the medium due to the absence of contaminating proteins [20,21].

Hairy roots, which can easily be obtained from explants infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes have been well established for the biosynthesis of valuable plant secondary metabolites as well as foreign proteins, e.g., monoclonal antibodies [22-24]. Due to their fast growth rates in hormone-free medium and their biochemical stability, hairy root cultures hold an immense potential for the pharmaceutical industry. The production of foreign proteins in plants cells and the secretion into the culture medium can be restricted by low levels of synthesis, degradation by hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in the medium, or a combination of these two factors [24,25]. Thus, many factors need to be optimized to enhance the expression and synthesis levels and the stability of recombinant proteins in hairy root cultures.

The objective in this study was the application of tobacco hairy roots for the synthesis of the recombinant AMP ranalexin. Ranalexin is a small cationic antimicrobial peptide (consisting of 20 amino acid residues: FLGGLIKIVPAMICAVTKKC), first isolated from the skin of the American bullfrog, Rana cateiana with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities against human pathogens [26,27]. Recombinant ranalexin showed synergistic bactericidal activity when used in combination with polymyxin B or linezolid against multi-drug resistant bacteria [28-30]. Application of ranalexin in combination with lysostaphin in vivo has been shown to achieve the decolonization of MRSA strain S. aureus NRS384 [28]. Furthermore, ranalexin shows potential advantages over the clinically used antibiotics.

However, the limited availability of ranalexin from its natural sources stimulated the use of genetic engineering methods as alternatives. Up to now, we have successfully expressed bioactive recombinant mature ranalexin as a Thioredoxin (Trx) fusion peptide in E. coli, and recently in the yeast Pichia pastoris [29,30].

In this communication we describe the establishment of tobacco hairy roots synthesising ranalexin with a calreticulin signal sequence for secretion. The recombinant and antibacterially active protein was expressed under the control of CaMV35S promoter and secreted into culture medium. The relationship between ranalexin secretion into the medium, growth and culture time was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of medium additives on root growth and ranalexin secretion was also investigated

Material and Methods

Plant Material, Bacterial Strains, Plasmids and Antibiotics

Mature leaves of Nicotiana tabacum were used for transformation. Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain DH5α was employed for routine plasmid amplification (subcloning) and Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834 (kindly provided by Prof. Dr. W. Alfermann, Dusseldorf, Germany) for transformation of leaf discs. Destination vector pK7WG2D from GATEWAY™ was used as expression vector [31]. Claforan (Sanofi Aventis), spectinomycin and kanamycin (Sigma-Aldrich® GmbH, Germany) were used to select recombinant hairy roots and to get rid of Agrobacteria after infection. For antibacterial activity standard strains were supplied by Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Hygiene Institute, Heidelberg University. Gram-positive bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA NCTC 10442, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus VRE ATCC 31299 and Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 12344) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Acinetobacter baumanii ATCC BAA747) as well as clinical MRSA isolates were employed.

Construction of Pk7wg2d - Ranalexin Binary Vectors

Two primers Ranlx-SacI and Ranlx-HindIII-His-tag (obtained from Eurofins MWG Operon Ebersberg, Germany) were used to amplify the ranalexin gene from a 60-mer oligonucleotide of ranalexin by PCR [30]. The secretory signal sequence of calreticulin (Z71395) was fused to the N terminal of ranalexin gene in order to target the recombinant AMP to the extracellular space of the hairy roots.

The ranalexin nucleotide sequence (with or without the secretory signal sequence) were cloned into GATEWAY donor vector pDONR221 via the attB-attP(BP) recombination reaction according to the GATEWAY® Technology manual (Invitrogen; Darmstadt, Germany). Consequently, binary vectors were established by attL-attR (LR) reaction using pK7WG2D as a destination vector (Figure 1). The correct reading frame of ranalexin in all constructs was confirmed by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing (carried out by STARSEQ GmbH; Mainz, Germany). Bio Edit version 7 was used to analyze the sequences.

Transformation of Agrobacterium Rhizogenes

The constructed binary vectors were transformed into A. rhizogenes ATCC15834 by electroporation (Bio-Rad; conditions: 1.8 kV, 25 μF, 200 Ω) according to Mattanovich [32]. Positive colonies (confirmed by colony PCR using specific ranalexin primers) were selected by plating them on YMB-spectinomycin (100 μg/mL) plates (0.4 g/L yeast extract, 10 g/L mannitol, 0.2 g/L MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.5 g/L K₂HPO₄.3H₂O, 0.1 g/L NaCl , 1.5% w/v Bacto agar ; pH 7) at 28ºC for 2–3 d. The recombinant A. rhizogenes clones harbouring the binary vectors (with or without secretory signal sequence) were cultured in 30 mL YMB medium at 28ºC with overnight shaking. The cells were harvested by centrifugation (10 min, 4000 rpm, 4ºC) and resuspended in ½ MS medium to reach an OD600= 0.4. Preparation of tobacco leaf discs, plant transformation and hairy root establishment

Plant growth media were based on Murashige and Skoog and LIoyd [33,34]. Transformation of N. tabacum was performed using the leaf disc co-cultivation method as described by Horsch [35]. Discs (0.5-1 cm in diameter) were prepared from 5 cm long green leaves of tobacco plants grown in the green house. More than 60 discs were incubated in 30 mL solution containing transformed A. rhizogenes for 30 min with gentle shaking. The leaf discs were then transferred onto filtered paper to remove the bacterial suspension and placed on WP plates for 2-3 d. For selection a maximum of 5-7 explants was placed upside down on WP plates containing antibiotics (250 mg/L claforan to eliminate A. rhizogenes, 100 mg/L kanamycin to select for transgenic plants) and kept in low light intensity until hairy root tips appeared.

Growth Conditions and Analysis of the Transformed Hairy Roots by PCR

Individual hairy roots tips (4-5 cm) were cut off and transferred into 50 mL WP medium in 250 mL flasks kept on orbital shakers operating at 60 rpm and (24 ± 2)ºC. After 21 d of culture, roots were separated from the medium, washed with sterile water and used for further analysis. Confirmation of the putative transgenic hairy roots was obtained by PCR. Genomic DNA was first isolated from the roots using a modified CTAB method [36]. DNA quality and quantity were checked by NanoPhotometer from Implen GmbH (München; Germany). The selected transformants were analysed by PCR using several pairs of primers (Table 1)

Table 1: List of PCR primers used in this study

Time - course study of growth of the transformed hairy roots

Approximately 0.25- 0.35 g fresh weight of 21 day old hairy roots of both wild type and transgenic roots were cultured in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL WP medium over a period of 30 days. Wet and dry weight measurements were determined every 5 days. Hairy roots from each transgenic clone were harvested and dehydrated under vacuum for 5 min, and then their weight was determined. After drying the fresh roots in an incubator at 56ºC for 2-3 d the corresponding dry weight values were obtained.

Protein Extraction and Quantification of Ranalexin

Extraction of proteins from hairy roots

Fresh hairy root tissues were ground to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen with a pestle and mortar, and the total soluble protein was extracted in a buffer consisting of 50 mM NaH2PO4, 300 mM NaCl, 0.1% (w/v) Tween-20 and 5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride PMSF; pH 8.

About 1 g of hairy roots were extracted with 2 mL extraction buffer, vortexed and sonicated for 7 min. The supernatant was collected after centrifugation at 15,000 × g for 10 min at 4ºC. Proteins from the spent medium of the transformed and wild type hairy root cultures were precipitated with 58% ammonium sulphate at 4ºC. overnight. The precipitated proteins were collected by centrifugation (12,000 × g, 20 min and 4ºC). The pellet was resuspended in a buffer (50 mM NaH₂PO₄, 300 mM NaCl, pH 8) and desalted on Sephadex G25 columns (GE Healthcare, Germany). Stock solutions containing 1 mg/mL protein were stored at -80ºC until used for western blot analysis. Protein concentrations were determined by Bradford assay [37].

Analysis of ranalexin by western blotting

Proteins were separated by Tricine-SDS-PAGE (12% tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis) according to Schagger [38]. For Western blot analysis the proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes at 50 V for 2 h. Ranalexin was detected using HisProbe-HRP (a nickel-activated derivative of horseradish peroxidase) according the manufacturer's instructions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany) [39]. The membrane was then documented by using the Bio-Rad Imaging System. Serial dilutions of recombinant ranalexin [30] were prepared for each blot as a positive control. The intensities of ranalexin bands were quantified using ImageJ 1.45s.

Affinity purification of recombinant ranalexin from hairy roots

Intracellular or extracellular proteins from 1 L spent medium were isolated first as mentioned above. Affinity chromatography using a His-resin column was applied to purify the recombinant His-tag ranalexin according to the manufacturer’s instruction (Protino® Ni-TED, Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). Eluted proteins from different elution steps were separated by Tricine-SDSPAGE and silver stained. Later on, the purified ranalexin was desalted using G10 (GE Healthcare, Germany) and lyophilized by freeze drying.

Determination of GFP Expression in Hairy Roots

Fluorescence microscopy

Fluorescence images were obtained using HS All-in-One fluorescence Microscopy BZ-9000E (Keyence). GFP, which is encoded in our expression vector, was directly visualized in 6 to15 day old transgenic hairy roots with OP-66835 BZ filter. The emitted fluorescence was collected between 489 and 514 nm. The procedures for handling the microscope followed the manual provided by Keyence

Microplate reader

Fluorescence of 5 μg total protein extracted from transformed hairy roots and the wild type was loaded into 96 well transparent microplates in triplicate as described by Richards et al. [40]. Measurements were performed with a Tecan safire reader (Männedorf, Switzerland) at an excitation wavelength of 488 nm with an emission of 535 nm.

Transcription analysis

To determine ranalexin gene expression levels in different hairy roots transformants, total RNA from 12 d old hairy roots was isolated using Universal RNA Purification Kit (Roboklon). 1 μg of RNA from each sample was used as a template to synthesize the first cDNA strand according to the supplier’s instruction of ImProm-II™ Reverse Transcription System kit from Promega. (qRT)‑PCR was used to analyze the expression levels. Each quantitative PCR was performed in three replicates. The β-actin gene was used as reference. Relative expression levels of the ranalexin gene in pK7/ranlx and pK7/cal/ranlx lines were calculated with respect to the WT/HR.

Effect of Additives on Ranalexin Secretion

1 mL of PVP (MW 360,000, sigma) stock solution (75 mg/mL) was added to each 50 mL of hairy root culture medium to reach a final concentration of 1.5 mg/mL. Extracellular and intracellular ranalexin as well as the biomass of the cultures were quantified by taking samples after 20 d of culture. Alternatively, a range of concentration of NaCl (between 100 and 400 mM) was added to hairy root cultures at day 15. Samples were taken to determine the cultures biomass and the ranalexin content

Antibacterial Activity of Recombinant Ranalexin Produced by Hairy Roots

Both minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by broth microdilution as described previously, following the instructions of Clinical and Laboratories Standards Institute (CLSI) [30,41]. Polymyxin B and vancomycin were used as positive controls whereas the sterile water was used as a negative control.

Results

Construction of Binary Vectors for Tobacco Transformation

The constitutive pK7WG2D binary vector was used to express the ranalexin gene in tobacco hairy roots. To drive the ranalexin synthesis into the secretory pathway, the ranalexin gene was fused with the calreticulin (cal) signal sequence at its N-terminus. A vector containing the ranalexin gene without signal sequence was also constructed as a control. In addition, to simplify ranalexin purification, a 6-His tag was fused to the C-terminus of the ranalexin gene. Two constructs (pK7WG2D/ranlx and pK7WG2D/cal/ ranlx) were created by GATEWAY cloning which were under the control of CaMV 35S promoter (Figure 1).

Generation and Confirmation of the Transformed Hairy Roots

More than 30 hairy root clones were generated after leaf infection with A. rhizogenes ATCC15834 harbouring either pK7WG2D/ ranlx or pK7WG2D/cal/ranlx vector. As a negative control, a hairy root clone transformed with A. rhizogenes ATCC15834 (referred to WT/HR) alone without vector was also established. After kanamycin selection and hairy root appearance, GFP fluorescence (observed by microscopy) indicated a successful transformation of hairy root tips.

PCR was performed with several pairs of primers (Table 1) to confirm the integration of the ranalexin gene into the genome. Gel electrophoresis of PCR products from transformed hairy roots showed the presence of the ranalexin gene in all the transgenic hairy roots but not in the WT/HR line. The integration of the signal sequence was evidenced by the different size of the detected band between pK7WG2D/ranlx and pK7WG2D/cal/ranlx transformed hairy roots when P35S, T35S primers are used. The VirC PCR product was only detected in A. rhizogenes samples but not in the transgenic hairy roots (Figure 2). The absence of virC PCR product in the transgenic cultures proved the absence of a contamination with Agrobacterium [42]. The rol genes play an important role in hairy root induction [43]. Therefore, the presence of a rolC PCR product in all transformed cultures proved the successful induction of hairy root formation.

Determination of GFP in Transformed Hairy Roots

The fluorescence intensity of GFP in the transgenic hairy roots was used as an indicator of GFP protein synthesis, which helps to detect the differences in the GFP synthesis level between the established lines compared to the wild type (Figure 3A) [40]. GFP intensity was measured in both extracellular and intracellular protein fractions (isolated from all hairy root lines) using a Tecan plate reader. The fluorescence intensity of intracellular soluble proteins isolated from the transgenic hairy roots (pK7WG2D/cal/ ranlx) was much higher than that of (pK7WG2D/ranlx) hairy root lines (Figure 3A).

Relative Expression Level of the Ranalexin Gene

We extracted RNA from wild-type as well as transformed hairy roots and measured ranalexin gene transcript levels by quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR. Ranalexin gene transcripts were detected in both pK7/cal/ranlx and pK7/ranlx, but not in the WT/HR. Relative expression levels of the ranalexin gene in pK7/cal/ranlx lines were much higher than those of pK7/ ranlx lines (Figure 3B).

Time Course of Hairy Root Growth

Growth of pK7WG2D/ranlx, pK7WG2D/cal/ranlx lines and wild type hairy roots were investigated after 3-4 sub-cultures over 30 d. The pattern of dry and fresh growth was almost similar in all lines (Figure 4A and 4B) all clones exhibited a similar lag phase between day 1 and 5; a constant specific growth rate was detected between day 5 and 20. After day 20 the growth rate declined and the stationary phase was reached at day 25 to 30. The fresh biomass of pK7WG2D/cal/ranlx hairy root line (6.37 ± 0. 28 g/ flask) was significantly higher than that of pK7WG2D/ranlx line (5.64 ± 0.2 g/flask) at day 20.

Production Secretion and Affinity Purification of Recombinant Ranalexin from Hairy Roots

The expression levels of intracellular and extracellular recombinant ranalexin are documented in Figure 5. The yield of the intracellular ranalexin (pK7WG2D/ranlx) was relatively low and reached a maximum of 0.83% TSP (total soluble protein) after 20 days in culture. However, a higher expression level was detected in pK7WG2D/cal/ranlx cultures (about 3.3% TSP; (Figure 5A)). As expected, ranalexin was not secreted into the medium from pK7WG2D/ranlx cultures, whereas pK7WG2D/cal/ranlx cultures showed an increased secretion from day 10 to 25 with a maximum yield of about 0.28 μg/ mL (Figure 5B). These results correlated with the Western blot results (Figure 5C); a single band of ~ 3kDa was observed in both cell extracts from pK7WG2D/ ranlx and pK7WG2D/cal/ranlx which was absent in the cell extract of WT/HR wild type hairy roots. Extracellular proteins were collected from the spent medium as mentioned in Material and methods and the polyhistidine-tagged ranalexin was purified by affinity chromatography. Figure 5D presents the purification steps of recombinant ranalexin from the spent medium. His-tagged ranalexin eluted from the Ni-Ted column with 200 mM imidazole.

Effect of PVP and NaCl

The effect of both PVP and NaCl on ranalexin recovery was studied in pK7WG2D/cal/ranlx cultures. Although no effect was noticed on intracellular ranalexin, PVP significantly enhanced the secretion level of ranalexin to reach 1.68 μg/mL at day 25 which is about 6 times higher than the yield in untreated cultures (Figure 6A) without affecting the culture fresh biomass (Figure 6B). These results were confirmed by Western blot (Figure 6C). Surprisingly, NaCl addition to the culture medium did not stimulate the secretion of ranalexin even in higher concentration (data not shown).

Antibacterial Activity of Recombinant Ranalexin Produced by Hairy Roots

Purified recombinant ranalexin was desalted and tested in vitro against several standard and clinical pathogens (Table 2). Recombinant ranalexin was biologically active and exhibited a strong antibacterial activity towards all tested bacteria including multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus VRE, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumanii as well as clinical MRSA isolates with MIC values between 8 and 64 μg/mL. Furthermore, minimal bactericidal activities (MBCs) of recombinant ranalexin were two-fold higher than their corresponding MIC values against all strains except of Streptococcus pyogenes. PVP and NaCl treatment had no influence on the antimicrobial activity of ranalexin.

Table 2: MIC and MBC values of recombinant ranalexin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Each value represents the mean of three independent experiments

Discussion

Hairy root cultures have been employed to produce a wide range of valuable recombinant proteins for diagnostic and therapeutic use [44]. Compared with animal cell culture systems, the use of plant cells reduces the contamination risk with animalderived pathogens in a simple and relatively cheap medium. Product recovery may be facilitated when protein are secreted into the culture medium [20].

To our knowledge, ranalexin has not yet been expressed in plant tissue culture or even in transgenic plants. However, several reports on the expression of other AMPs in genetically modified plants -either constitutively or by induction after pathogen invasion- showed an increase of resistance against pathogen infections [5,8]. In our study two hairy root lines have been established harbouring the binary vector either with the ranalexin gene alone or with ranalexin fused to ER signal peptide at its N- terminal. RT-PCR data indicated a higher expression level of the ranalexin gene in roots transformed with pK7/cal/ranlx. Although gene expression does often not correlate with the protein synthesis; our results showed that the production level of recombinant ranalexin in the presence of the signal peptide was much higher (4 fold higher in TSP) than the corresponding transformants lacking the signal sequence. This enhancement of the production level is in good agreement with other studies [14,45]. Some AMPs produced in plants, particularly cecropin B, were degraded by endogenous peptidases, which may be responsible for contradictory effects on disease resistance in plants [18,19]. Targeting ranalexin to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) apparently not only improved accumulation levels (due to the low hydrolysis activity in the lumen) but also supported the correct folding, as well as the secretion into the culture medium [17,46].

It is also important to mention, that the expression of AMPs in earlier studies was usually under the control of a strong constitutive CaMV 35S promoter or its derivatives which seems to be responsible for insufficient AMP levels in plant by causing transgene silencing [47]. Yi et al., has also reported that multiple insertions caused by CaMV 35S promoter may have negative consequences, which suggest an ability to enhance the expression level of ranalexin from hairy root culture by changing the promoter in future studies [48].

Moreover, differences in the ionic forces between the highly positively charged ranalexin –(fused with 6 His tag- with a pI value of 9.39)- may enhance its binding to the cell wall and limit its secretion into the medium as reported in previous studies [49,50]. However, adding sodium chloride to the culture medium had no influence on the secretion of ranalexin (data not shown).

The extracellular ranalexin level reached in transformed pK7WG2D/cal/ranlx was relatively low if compared with secreted antibodies from tobacco hairy roots [44,51,52]. The decrease of extracellular ranalexin level after 25 day in culture (Figure 5B) was similar to many other extracellular proteins that have been produced previously in tobacco hairy roots [17,51,53,54]. The reason for this loss in a sterile medium is still unclear, but could be due the changes in the culture medium at the end of the exponential phase of growth, which experience a significant increase in medium proteases as well as the surface adsorption to culture flasks [55].

A significant enhancement (6.1 fold) in the secretion level of ranalexin from the hairy root culture was observed after adding PVP as a stabilizing agent, possibly because it can interfere with ranalexin adsorption by modifying the surface environment which may prevent its denaturation and adherence to surfaces in the culture vessel [17,56,57]. Also other extracellular proteins have been stabilized by PVP [51,52,58].

The activity of intracellular and extracellular ranalexin against several human bacterial strains indicated no change in its activity even after adding PVP to the culture media as documented in Table 2. These results are in agreement with our previous study with secretory ranalexin obtained from recombinant Pichia pastoris [30].

Conclusion

Biosynthesis of ranalexin in hairy roots and its secretion into the medium may be an interesting alternative for its mass production in bioreactor systems. However, several features need to be optimized to obtain higher yields than reported in this study. Since recombinant ranalexin is bactericidal against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative multiresistant bacteria, it might be an interesting candidate as an emergency drug in case of septicemia when a quick chemotherapy is required or for topical applications. Ranalexin alone or in combination with other antibiotics need to be evaluated in clinical studies to prove its efficacy in a clinical context.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful for Prof. Dr. K. Heeg and Dr. S. Zimmermann for providing access to the lab facilities of infectious Diseases Department, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Heidelberg. We thank Prof. Dr. R. Hell and Dr. S. Greiner (Center of Organismal Studies COS, Heidelberg) for useful ideas and suggestions. R. A. Aleinein is thankful to the Syrian Ministry of High Education and Tishreen University, Syria for providing the financial support

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