Advances in Breast Cancer Therapy: From Conventional Approaches to Precision and Immuno-Oncology Strategies
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding its molecular heterogeneity, leading to more personalized and effective therapeutic strategies. Traditional approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy continue to form the backbone of treatment. However, advances in molecular biology, genomics, and immunology have introduced targeted therapies and immunotherapies that have significantly improved patient outcomes, particularly in aggressive and advanced disease subtypes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current breast cancer therapies, including endocrine treatment, HER2-targeted agents, cytotoxic chemotherapy, PARP inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches. It also highlights challenges such as drug resistance, tumor heterogeneity, and treatment-related toxicity. Finally, the article discusses future directions in breast cancer management, emphasizing precision medicine, biomarker-driven therapy, and novel drug delivery systems aimed at improving survival and quality of life.
Emily Richardson
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