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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: Principles, Applications, and Advances in Analytical Chemistry

Abstract

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to determine the molecular structure, dynamics, and chemical environment of compounds. By exploiting the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, NMR provides detailed information on molecular connectivity, stereochemistry, and conformational changes. NMR spectroscopy is widely applied in pharmaceuticals, structural biology, metabolomics, food analysis, and material science. Modern NMR instruments combine high-field magnets with advanced pulse sequences and multi-dimensional techniques, offering high sensitivity and resolution. This article reviews the fundamental principles, instrumentation, methodologies, applications, challenges, and emerging trends in NMR spectroscopy, highlighting its critical role in contemporary analytical chemistry and research.

Ananya S. Kapoor

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