Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology
Menue-ISSN: 2347-7857 p-ISSN: 2347-7849
e-ISSN: 2347-7857 p-ISSN: 2347-7849
1Department of Pharmaceutics, G. Pulla Reddy college of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
2Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Vathsalya college of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University, Hyderabad, India.
Received date: 18/05/2015 Accepted date: 14/06/2015
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Nanoparticles, Nanomedicine, Bioavailability, Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials
Discovery, design and progress of therapeutic interventions in this exemption have traversed beyond serendipity [1, 2]. The whole processes of searching for therapies had resulted into Computer-Aided Drug Design [3]. This results in the computer-assisted designing of drug molecules [4] and structural related modifications [5] to the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) [6] assessment and determination of the drug adverse effects which are widely benefitted from the computation theory [7].
Controlled drug delivery systems (DDS) have many applications when compared to the traditional drugs. In this type of drug delivery system drug is transported to the target region by reducing the undesirable side effetcs [8 - 11]. Nanoparticles are a unique area of nanotechnology which includes any type of particle less than 400 nm. Nanotechnology controls the minute structural units of atoms and molecules. It is associated with various fields such as pharmaceuticals, engineering, biology, chemistry, Physics and environmental detection [12].
Nanotechnology is an emerging unprecedented technology which has significant use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. It is highly potential to be used in foods, cosmetics and medical products [13]. Nanoparticles promise to enhance in capability and complexity [14]. They are used to enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of many drug molecules. Biodegradable nanoparticleS are used in the pharmaceutical formulations in order to release and transport the drug effectively [15].
Nanoparticles can also be formulated from various materials such as natural or synthetic polysaccharides, proteins and synthetic polymers [16]. The nanoparticles which are filled with proteins stimulate the immune responses which can be used in formulation of inhalable vaccines. Nanodiamonds which are carbon nanoparticles filled with protein molecules to enhance bone growth, to treat brain tumours and leukemia.
Nanopartilces drug delivery can be used in various formulations such as oral, parenteral, pulmonary and topical [17]. Topical nanoparticles offers lesser side effects, controlled drug delivery for a prolong period of time and bypass of first-pass metabolic effect. Pulmonary administration is another vital field of administration of drug that uses nanoparticles through micronisation technique instead of encapsulation technique.
Smaller drug particles penetrate well in the lungs through IV administration in the form of microspheres, inhalations in the form of dry powder [18]. Parenteral nanoparticles have been widely used in the FDA approved drugs which are in the advanced levels of clinical trials [19]. Nanoparticles offers various applications and a promising method of drug delivery such as enhanced biological and physiological stability, enhances permeability [20].
Nanoparticles decrease the exposure of drug to healthy organs by limiting the drug distribution to target site by delivering a concentrate dose of drug in the tumor target site by enhancing the permeability using high performance computational model and data mining [21 - 23].
Nanoparticulate systems have high potentials by converting the poorly soluble drugs into promising deliverable drugs. Nanoparticles core enclose a variety of enzymes, drugs, genes and is characterized by a prolonged circulation period due to the hydrophilic shell which protects the recognition by the reticular-endothelial system. To optimize these types of drug delivery system, wider Knowledge of the various mechanisms of particle engineering and biological interactions is still essential. Further ammendments are needed in order to promote the concept of nanoparticulate as the next generation of drug delivery system by implementing the theory of computational intelligence [24 - 26].
Nanomedicine is the best way which involves nanotechnologies making a better and healthier human life [27, 28].
Drugs can also be formulated into nano-suspensions of particles with diameters <100 nm) [29 - 32]. Nano- sized compounds are used to enhance solubility of poorly-water-soluble drugs. [33 - 37] Solubility can be enhanced by improving the dissolution rate by enhancing the surface area of the particle and by pH adjustment their by improving the pharmacokinetic profiles and enhancing the bioavailability [38 - 42]. As the costs of healthcare and drug development have increased, the quality of bioequivalence and bioavailability studies has improved rapidly to ensure the safety and efficacy of the drug [43 - 45].
Why Nano Particles?
Noparticles are of interest on account of the new properties, (for example, synthetic reactivity and optical conduct) that they display contrasted and bigger particles of the same materials. For instance, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide get to be straightforward at the nanoscale and have discovered application in sunscreens. In the transient application, for example, in beauty care products, materials and paints. In the more drawn out term applications, for example, drug conveyance where they could be to utilized convey medications to a particular site in the body.
Nanoparticles can likewise be orchestrated into layers on surfaces, giving an extensive surface territory and subsequently upgraded action, applicable to a scope of potential applications, for example, impetuses [46].
Nanotechnology manages the formation of udeful materials, gadgets and frameworks utilizing the particles of nanometer length scale and misuse of novel properties (physical, concoction, organic) at that length scale
Nanotechnology Applications
Medical applications
Because of their little size, nanoscale gadgets can promptly communicate with biomolecules on both the surface of cells and within cells. By getting entrance to such a variety of regions of the body, they can possibly distinguish sickness and the convey treatment. Nanoparticles can convey sedates straightforwardly to diseased cells in your body. Nanomedicine is the restorative utilization of atomic sized particles to convey medications, warmth, light or other substances to particular cells in the human [47].
Sunscreens and cosmetics
Nanosized titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are presently utilized as a part of a few sunscreens, as they assimilate and reflect bright (UV) beams. Nanosized iron oxide is available in a few lipsticks as a pigment
Medical Implantation
Unfortunately, sometimes, the biomedical metal amalgams may destroy inside of the lifetime of the patient. At the same time, Nano materials build the life time of the insert materials. Nanocrystalline zirconium oxide (zirconia) is hard, wear safe, bio-consumption safe and bio-good. It hence exhibits an appealing option material for inserts. Nanocrystalline silicon carbide is a hopeful material for simulated heart valves essentially due to its low weight, high quality [48 - 50].
Nanotechnologies can perhaps out and out impact society. It is starting now used for event by the information and exchanges sections. It is furthermore used as a piece of enhancing specialists and sunscreens, in materials, in coatings, in some support and imperativeness developments, furthermore in some restorative things and arrangements. Likewise, nanotechnology could moreover be used as a piece of reducing environmental sullying.
In the use of the substance, these individual particles may be joined into a measure of another substance, which could be a gas, a liquid or an in number, commonly to convey a paste, a gel or a covering. These particles might regardless be thought to be free, in spite of the way that their bioavailability will contrast with the method for the stage in which they are scattered. Ultrafine aerosols and colloids, and cream-based cosmetics and pharmaceutical game plans would be joined in this order, and it is with these examples that a critical piece of the late work on nanotechnology wellbeing perils has been concerned.
In any case, designed nanoparticles can have altogether different properties and impacts contrasted with the same materials at bigger sizes, which may involve new wellbeing dangers for people and different species. Undoubtedly, the typical human safeguard systems will most likely be unable to react sufficiently to these built particles which may have attributes never experienced.
Nonetheless, as of not long ago, they had never been presented to manufactured nanoparticles and their particular attributes. Along these lines the typical human protection systems connected with, for instance, insusceptible and inflammatory systems may well not have the capacity to react satisfactorily to these nanoparticles. Also, nanoparticles might likewise scatter and hold on in the earth, and along these lines have an effect on nature.