Research & Reviews: Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences
MenuISSN: 2347-7830
ISSN: 2347-7830
+44-7723-59-8358Roy Faiman*, Autumn Goodwin, Jaykob Cave-Stevens, Alyssa Schultz, Jewell Brey, Tristan Ford
Vectech Inc, 3600 Clipper Mill Rd, Ste 205, Baltimore, U.S.A
Received: 22-Dec-2023, Manuscript No. JEAES-23-123342; Editor assigned: 25-Dec-2023, Pre QC No. JEAES-23-123342(PQ); Reviewed: 08-Jan-2024, QC No. JEAES-23-123342; Revised: 15-Jan-2024, Manuscript No. JEAES-23-123342 (R); Published: 22-Jan-2024, DOI: 10.4172/2347-7830.11.4.006
Citation: Faiman R, et al. Aedes aegypti in Maryland: The Need for Elevated Vector Surveillance at the Face of a Dynamic Climate. RRJ Ecol Environ Sci.2024;11:006
Copyright: © 2024, Faiman R, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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We report the collection of three Aedes aegypti adult female mosquitoes in a Rockville, Maryland backyard in late July, 2023, followed by the emergence of 15 adults collected as larvae in a residential backyard in Baltimore, Maryland in mid-September, 2023. Aedes aegypti is a species primarily associated with tropical and subtropical regions, known for its significance as a vector of arboviruses, including Yellow Fever, Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya among others. In the continental United States, A. aegypti populations are mostly found in the southeast, and in several isolated locations such as southern California and Arizona. This finding raises questions about the potential establishment and survival of A. aegypti in temperate climates, emphasizing the critical importance of robust vector surveillance programs in preventing potential outbreaks of vector-borne diseases in regions not traditionally considered endemic for this species.
Aedes aegypti; Maryland; Surveillance; IDX; Climate
1. Range and displacement: In the United States Aedes aegypti holds stable populations in the Southern US states.
2. Temperate range expansion: Presence of Aedes aegypti in temperate zones raises concern for local transmission of diseases once-exotic to these regions.
3. Surveillance and control crucial: Finding Aedes aegypti in Maryland emphasizes the need for ongoing vector surveillance and control efforts.
Originating in Africa, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) is suspected to have found its way to the Americas through inadvertent transportation on ships bound for the New World during the Transatlantic Slave Trade. This mosquito species was once abundant and firmly rooted in most of the eastern United States. However, in the 1980s, the introduction of A. albopictus in the U.S. led to the displacement of A. aegypti across much of its former range. Presently, A. aegypti is primarily confined to Southern Florida and Texas, with occasional established populations reported in other regions in the U.S. [1-5]. Aedes aegypti is a medically significant mosquito species known for its association with the transmission of several arboviruses of acute global health concern, including Yellow Fever, Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya among others [6]. Aedes aegypti's range is contingent on temperature, as this species is unable to endure prolonged periods of cold, such as those experienced in temperate winters [7]. Christophers defined the geographical boundaries for year-round activity, specifying locations with a mean temperature of 10°C or higher [8]. This encompasses latitudes between 30-35°N and S during the coldest month. This species’ presence in traditionally considered temperate zones is a concerning development, as it increases the risk of local transmission of diseases previously considered exotic to these areas [9]. Historically, this species has been linked to tropical and subtropical regions, and its presence in temperate climates is sporadic [10,11]. This report highlights the collection and identification of A. aegypti mosquitoes in two separate urban residential backyards in Maryland, signifying the necessity of comprehensive and updated vector surveillance.
Adult females were collected by R.F. using a mouth aspirator in a Rockville, Maryland neighborhood in Late July, 2023. Mosquito larvae were collected by A.G. from water-holding containers in the backyard of a residence located in the Hampden neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland in mid-September, 2023. Larvae were reared until adult emergence indoors in office conditions, and adult mosquitoes were provided with 10% sucrose. Species identification was confirmed through morphological examination by an entomologist, followed by imaging on an IDX vector identification device (IDX. Vectech Inc. Baltimore, MD) (Figure 1).
In Rockville, three adult females were collected by live aspiration (Human Landing Catches) and soon were identified as A. aegypti using a stereo microscope. In Baltimore, 15 adult mosquitoes emerged from the collected larvae, and subsequent morphological examination confirmed them all to be A. aegypti. From this batch of larvae emerged 51 A. albopictus as well. Aedes aegypti is recognized by characteristic black and white markings on its body, as well as the distinctive white lyre-shaped pattern on the dorsal thorax (versus the single white stripe found on A. albopictus, or golden lyre and long palps on A. japonicus, as well as presenting silverish scales on the clypeus and characteristic short, rectangular white banding on the abdominal tergites [1]. All adults were imaged on an IDX, further confirming their species identifications (Figure 1). Although sporadically reported from locations beyond its northern distribution limits, the emergence of A. aegypti from collected larvae in a temperate climate like Baltimore and Rockville, Maryland, though not the first, is an uncommon finding which may be rooted in limited surveillance programs in the region [10,11]. This species is predominantly associated with warmer, tropical regions found in the southeastern US, though a resident population was recently reported in Washington D.C. (Capitol Hill neighborhood), thought to be overwintering in subterranean refugia, in the same region as the detections in this report [4,12]. Both Baltimore and Rockville, Maryland similarly maintain potential habitats for overwintering, such as subterranean metro stations, larger-scale sewer mains, storm drains, and basements [4]. The repeated presence of this species in Maryland (and D.C.) raises questions about its potential establishment and survival in temperate climates, which may be influenced by factors such as climate change, urbanization, and the availability of suitable breeding and overwintering habitats. Based on these factors, predictions of future expansion of this species’ distribution suggest it will likely become established in northeastern climes over the coming years and decades [13].
Figure 1: Aedes aegypti adults. Two specimens collected in Baltimore, MD (A,C; female and B,D; male), and two specimens collected in Rockville, MD (E-H; two females). Each specimen was imaged from two sides (top and bottom rows). Images were produced on an IDX device.
The finding of A. aegypti mosquitoes in Maryland highlight the need for vigilant vector surveillance and control measures. Early detection and monitoring are crucial for preventing the establishment of arboviral diseases in new regions. This discovery serves as a stark reminder of the evolving threat posed by vector-borne diseases and underscores the importance of sustained efforts in vector surveillance and control in a dynamic climate.
This work was supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture/USDA Grant number 2022-33610-38246.
The authors confirm no conflicts of interest and the authors have no competing interests to declare.