Key Methods for Land use Impact Assessment: An Overview

Abstract

Shivangi Shukla, TR Sakshi and CH Shivakoti

Keywords

Environment, Forests, Land

Introduction

The current position of development of economy of world is described by increasing level of the land use and the impact of environment associated with it. The intensity and complexity of the both manmade and natural interactions lead to a deterioration of the quality of land, food security concerns, lack of environmental sustainability and biodiversity reduction at different levels. As land is one of the most crucial resources required for human beings, not only for living but also for environs, it is very necessary to save it and reduce the effects that are associated with activities of human beings [1-12]. Considering about environmental impacts of land use, two basic land use activities should be studied: land occupation and land use change. Land use change is a human made change of the land use from one type to another type, such as from forests to land for cultivation.

In present scenario there are many types of tools and methods to study the environmental impact of land use. Each of them has their own uniqueness, depending on the definitive research focus. To find the older methods that were used their level of application and scope, to find which ones are the mostly used, for what aspire and finally features the most encouraging ones to support diverse levels of decision-makings [13-20].

Several methods were elected to analyze appropriate methods and to understand their influence within different situations of land use. Our first method was based on the general presumption each method that were categorical in the generic existing description and definition. Second method considers the use of non-evident nature of the methods and this is the base of our study. These methods were chosen for distinctive logics. The utilization of the methods and the target public for whom the study is built, can affect the choice of method depending on the objective of the assessment. The next significant method assumed to be an indicator level depicting a quantitative or qualitative measure of the land use impact. Mostly the quality of results depends on how the data is collected.

Methodology

To obtain the goal of our study bibliometric analysis (BA) was carried out. We investigate various articles discussing several different approaches to implement a bibliometric analysis. This approach included two steps: (1) choose journals on the basis of scientific journal ranking (SJR); (2) choosing key words from those chosen journals. Choosing scientific journals that could be relevant to the ecological issue, among the various subject categories proposed by the SJR platform (SCmago Journal & Country Ran), as being of interest only two categories were retained: “Environmental Science” and “Agricultural and biological sciences” [21-30]. Next step was to search the related keywords that can help us to carry out our study. We chose mandatory and optional keywords to make our study more predictable. The mandatory words meant that all of them should be there in the article and optional ones are not mandatory but we have decided to add them as they can provide us more booming results. The mandatory words were environmental impact, land use, scale, data, and indicator. Optional words were assessment, estimation, evaluation, tool, method, analyze, and approach. After these two steps, we had the information necessary for our analysis. There are various fields that were to be completed to utilize this program, depending on the method used and the way sources were selected, the results can be quite different. Finally, 143 different articles were chosen and our first results are entirely based on them. Each and every article had been studied carefully.

Results

First screening: review of 100 articles

We inspect the state of development of methods for land use impact assessment for a particular time period. Our first screening that is based on 143 articles shows increasing in interest of the issue in last few years. However, real growth in this field had started in 1996. We presume that the Rio Conference held in 1992 initiated research in this field forward by given importance to critical resources such as land and water, as well as land use changes, and also by developing sustainable land-use management and planning. Furthermore, this thriving interest can also be connected with the launch, in the mid-90s The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme and International Human Dimensions Programme focused at the study of primary key changes in land use. In 2011 the highest number of studies was carried out. Before drawing any conclusions It will be necessary to follow the trends for the next few years [31-41].

Life cycle assessment:

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was the most generally used method in the sample with 100 out of 143 articles. Life Cycle Assessment is a method of accessing the possible environmental impact of a product or service through all the stages of its entire life, i.e. from extraction of raw material through production, transportation, distribution and use to the end of life. It is one method for the promotion and communication of environmentally responsible production and consumption. Nevertheless it is not a mandatory method, but is very often chosen due to its marketing advantages [42-50].

The first environmental life cycle research was carried out by Coca-Cola in 1969 in the USA, by one of their managers Harry E Teasley Jr and published it in Science Magazine in 1976. It encouraged the development of methods of life cycle assessment analysis. There are four main stages in the LCA (1) Goal and scope definition, (2) Inventory analysis, (3) Impact assessment (4) Interpretation. Goal and scope definition is a main step which needs the precise definition, aim of the study and the limits of the system that is being studied. The next step consist of collection of data, namely, input and output data to prepare inventory flows. The objective of the third step is to evaluate potential environmental impact based on inventory flow results. The last step consists of summarization of result interpretation of inventory analysis and impact assessment stages. It is mandatory to note that LCA gives an assessment of potential impacts on the basis of a chosen functional unit.

Material flow and input-output analysis

Material Flow Analysis MFA is a method which allows all the materials to be assumed for, quantify flows and to identify and stocks of materials in physical units such as kilograms, tons etc. in a described system on diverse temporal scales and spatial. It is not an essential method, but it is widely used in efficient and rational resource use interpretations. The method consists of two fundamental principles (1) The system approach (2) The mass balance. The principle idea of the MFA is a simple model representing relations in the environment and economy. Thus, inputs are all the natural resources and transformed products become outputs [51-61]. According to physical laws, the MFA system should be balanced, i.e. total input and output should be equable.

Environmental impact assessment

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a proposed by International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) focused at determining the intensity and level of risk of any kind of activity of planned project and its effects on the environment as well as on human health. One of the most crucial features of Environmental Impact Assessment is that it should always be available for all the interested agents in the initial stages of the development of project. Thus Environmental impact assessment has become mandatory in decision making whether the project should be carried out or not. Likewise Environmental impact assessment is the main method to accomplish sustainable development. Based on eight steps (1) Namely screening (2) Scoping (3) Impact analysis (4) Mitigation (5) Reporting (6) Review (7) Decision-making (8) Post-monitoring of the planned project [62-70], the basic objectives of Environmental impact assessment are to ensure proper utilization of natural resources, to prevent and improve the environment in a way that does not result in damage to human health and to the natural systems.

Second screening: review of 60 articles

The main results of our study are based on the 100 articles chosen out of 143 articles under the study during the research.

Geographical distribution of the studies

First step of our study was to evaluate the geographical distribution of land use impact assessment studies. This assumption was made according to the scientific and educational institutes where the articles originated. Certain articles were matured by association between educational establishments from many different countries. However, in some cases the locations of institution are differing from the geographical location of the study. So the distribution of land use assessments within the studied articles also studied [71-85]. We analyze different countries that were studied by different research teams and found that the most number of studies do not refer to any particular country; the researchers follows a generic approach to the environment impact assessment of the land use. Only a few articles out of 100 were focused on a study of a particular country.

Conclusion and Discussion

We studied several articles, using various methods to get the best apprehension of methods and find which method is the widespread and most useful in land use assessment. It was analyzed that there is a diversity of methods that can be used, but the mostly used are LCA, EIA EF and MFA/IOA. It is very difficult to say which method is the most promising because each has their own uniqueness and specific characters. According to our analysis, LCA is the mostly used nowadays. Some of the studies constituted a combination of methods that seems to be a good strategy to deal with the problems of a using single method in the land use assessment. Therefore we recommend using this approach which can provide a full research vision and better results with the combinations of different aspects of each and every method. Our analysis has shown that there is a sharp increase of interest on land use impact assessment since 1992. Even the bibliometric analysis was done between time periods of 1975-2013; slight research was also done from 1976-1991. It is important that EIA and LCA were organizing concurrently and both methods appeared as a result of growing awareness of the environmental issues [86-100]. According to the geographical distribution search of land use impact assessment research, Europe is characterized by a large number of studies. This shows that, weather Europe is highly developed industrially, the agricultural sector is one of the important sectors in Europe, especially giving more importance to food self-sufficiency in European countries.

References

1. Tsabang N, Ngah N, Estella FT, Agbor GA (2016) Herbal Medicine and Treatment of Diabetes in Africa: Case Study in Cameroon. Diabetes Case Rep 1:112.
2. Tranfaglia G, Braca G, Monacelli G, Biafore M, Porfido S, et al. (2016) Real Time Monitoring for Diagnosis and Prevention of Extreme Rainfall Events: An Application to Intense Rainfalls on the Coastal City of Naples, Italy. J Geogr Nat Disast 6:180.
3. Yang J, Bail X, Liang T (2016) Carcinoma Associated Fibroblast: a Paradoxical Role in Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment and a Promising Target for Therapy. J Carcinog Mutagen 7:271.
4. Szałata L, Cuske M, Kwiecińska K, Rybak J, Suchecka M, et al. (2016) Environmental Management Systems in Municipal Waste Management, On the Example of a Selected Waste Disposal Plant. J Pet Environ Biotechnol 7: 294.
5. Aileen IP, Walter JL (2016) Natural and Synthetic Neurotoxins in Our Environment: From Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism 6:249.
6. Akl MA, Mostafa MM, Bashanaini MSA (2016) Enhanced Removal of Some Cationic Dyes from Environmental Samples Using Sulphuric Acid Modified Pistachio Shells Derived Activated Carbon. J Chromatogr Sep Tech 7:329.
7. Moussa A (2016) Editorial – Short Notes. J Chromatogr Sep Tech 7:e136. doi:10.4172/2157-7064.1000e136.
8. Ragusa R, Lombardo A, Bruno A, Sciacca A, Lupo L (2016) Environmental Biodecontamination: When a Procedure Performed by the Nursing Staff has an Economic Impact in ICU Rooms. J Nurs Care 5:355.
9. Santos RGD (2016) Aligning the Most Advanced Technology With Green Engineering Principles – Can We Turn Back in Time? . Global J Technol Optim 7:e110.
10. Brodziak A, Rózyk–Myrta A, Wolinska A (2016) The Publication of Data on Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults and Risk of Dementia Gives Rise to Broadening this Issue on Problems of Patient's Overall Life Trajectories. J Gerontol Geriatr Res 5: 330.
11. Kapur R (2016) Natural Resources and Environmental Issues. J Ecosys Ecograph 6:196.
12. Moja SJ, Kwata MG, Sebesho LM, Masindi KG, Mtunzi F (2016) Characterization of Surface and Trapped Dust Samples Collected around Human Settlements That are in the Vicinity of Old Mine Tailings in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. J Earth Sci Clim Change. 7:360.
13. Gupta R (2016) Both Tourism and Hospitality are for Environmental Refinements. J Tourism Hospit 5:230.
14. Smeryan KD (2015) Detection of Biological Environments for Endometrial Stromal and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Growth through a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Based Biosensor. Biosens J 4:120.
15. Chobanyan N, Allison Kruger K, Nebb S, Jackson G, Asin V, et al. (2016) Evaluation of Environmental Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in Sint Maarten. J Environ Anal Toxicol 6:386.
16. Odiete E, Ajayi A, Afolabi BM, Ajayi V, Biobaku O, et al. (2016) Assessment of Anxiety Levels of Infertile Women and Couples Presenting for In-vitro Fertilization Procedure in Africa. Gynecol Obstet (Sunnyvale) 6:393.
17. Gheni SA, Jarullah AT, Razak GHA (2016) Naphtha Catalytic Upgrading for Production of Environmentally - Friendly Gasoline. J Chem Eng Process Technol 7: 303.
18. Admas A (2016) The Frequency and Effects of CCR5 Delta 32 Allele in Gondar Population. Mol Biol 5:168.
19. Yilmaz Y, Erdal E, Atabey N, Carr BI (2016) Platelets, Microenvironment and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biochem Anal Biochem 5: 281.
20. Kim HD, Warner S, Singh K, Cho JH, Heck DE (2016) OMICS as Therapeutic Platform: Environmental Factors to Parkinson’s Disease. J Microb Biochem Technol 8:222-225.
21. Zhang W, Zheng J, Han X, Yao D, Han J, et al. (2016) Comparison of Dietary Cadmium Exposure among the General Population from Two Cadmiumpolluted Regions in China. J Pollut Eff Cont 4: 167.
22. Uko ET, Emudianughe JE, Eze CL (2016) Comparison of the Characteristics of Low Velocity Layer (LVL) in the Mangrove Swamp and in the Upper Flood Plain Environments in the Niger Delta, using Seismic Refraction Methods. J Geol Geophys 5:248.
23. Mobilia V, Ragonese S, Bottari T, Rinelli P (2016) On the Fecundity of the Bogue, Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758), from the Northern Sicilian Coast (Central Mediterranean). Poult Fish Wildl Sci 4: 148.
24. Yoshimura R, Atake K, Hori H, Katsuki A (2016) Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Level, Plasma 3-Methoxy-4-Hydroxyphenylglycol Level in Major Depressed Patients with Paroxetine Monotherapy. J Depress Anxiety 5:234.
25. Shumet AG, Mengistu KT (2016) Assessing the Impact of Existing and Future Water Demand on Economic and Environmental Aspects (Case Study from Rift Valley Lake Basin: Meki-Ziway Sub Basin), Ethiopia. Int J Waste Resour 6:223.
26. Pandey R, Singh A (2016) Utilization of AGVs and Machines in FMS Environment. J Material Sci Eng 5: 263.
27. Lysenko OB, Radchuk VV, Zabulonov YL, Shatilo VB, Demihov VV, et al. (2016) Biogenic Chemical Elements Isotope Ratios in Living Organism as a New Potential Indicator of Physiological State. J Phys Chem Biophys 6: 218.
28. Tadey M (2016) Variation in Insect Assemblage and Functional Groups along a Grazing Gradient in an Arid Environment . Entomol Ornithol Herpetol 5:179.
29. Carvalho MO (2016) Developing and Validating Sequential Sampling Plans for Integrated Pest Management on Stored Products. Adv Tech Biol Med 4:183.
30. Gomez JMG, Estebanez B, Sanz-Arranz A, Mateo-Marti E, Medina J, et al. (2016) Survival of Moss Reproductive Structures under Simulated Martian Environmental Conditions and Extreme Thermal Stress: Vibrational Spectroscopic Study and Astrobiological Implications. Astrobiol Outreach 4:151.
31. Highland H (2016) Environmental Stressors: Is the Sperm Cell Vulnerable or Resilient?. Andrology (Los Angel) 4:164.
32. Lopez-Barbosa N, Osma JF (2016) Biosensors: Migrating from Clinical to Environmental Industries. Biosens J 5:e106.
33. El-Banna TES, Sonbol FI, Zaki MES, El-Sayyad HHI (2016) Clinical and Environmental Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes in Dakahlea Governorate, Egypt. Clin Microbiol 5: 249
34. Camara MK, Leno DWA, Balde O, Sakho FB, Adjoussou S, et al. (2016) Ebola in Obstetric Environment: By the Way of 3 Cases to the Service of Obstetric Gynecology of the Hospital National Donka, Fallen of Conakry. J Women's Health Care 5:317.
35. Leitao A (2016) Corruption and the Environment. J Socialomics 5:173.
36. Jagerroos S, Krause PR (2016) Rigs-To-Reef; Impact or Enhancement on Marine Biodiversity. J Ecosys Ecograph 6:187.
37. Michalski R (2016) Ion Chromatography and Related Techniques 2016. J Chromatogr Sep Tech 7: 325.
38. Shil TC, Poddar P, Murad ABMW, Neger AJMT, Chowdhury AMS (2016) Preparation of Aluminum Oxide from Industrial Waste Can Available in Bangladesh Environment: SEM and EDX Analysis. J Adv Chem Eng 6:152.
39. Rashed-Un-Nabi M, Shamsuzzaman M, Hasan A, Barman PP (2016) Fish Assemblage Patterns: Temporal Distribution Structure and Influence of Environmental Variables in the Karnafully River Estuary, Bangladesh. J Fisheries Livest Prod 4:174.
40. Durogbitan AA (2016) A Re-evaluation of the Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Facies of Middle Miocene Paralic Deposits (Agbada Formation), Ewan and Oloye Fields, Northwestern Niger Delta. J Marine Sci Res Dev 6:193.
41. Gitau PN, Verschuren D (2016) Sedimentological and Paleoecological Research Techniques, with Applications to the Environmental History of Loboi Swamp, Kenya. J Earth Sci Clim Change. 7:351.
42. Busheina IS, Abobaker MM, Aljurmi ES, Etorki AM (2016) Determination of Selenium in Environmental Samples Using Hydride Generation Coupled to Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. J Environ Anal Chem 3:180.
43. Mukuni DM, Ireri AM, Nthiga PM, Owili FA (2016) The Social Function of Swearing in a Miraa Market Environment. Arts Social Sci J 7:187
44. Gupta DK (2016) Personal Energy Audit (PEA) Through Energy Labeling: A New Concept for Environment Conservation and Healthy Living. Occup Med Health Aff 4: 237.
45. Rajesh J, Lakshumanan C, Govindaraj V, Karthick P (2016) Environmental Impacts Assessment of Brackish Water Aquaculture Activity in Nagapattinam Region, South East coast of India. J Environ Anal Toxicol 6:367.
46. Miller M, Ritter B, Zorn J, Brielmeier M (2016) Exhaust Air Particle PCR Detects Helicobacter hepaticus Infections at Low Prevalence. J Vet Sci Technol 7:343.
47. Gelagay HS (2016) RUSLE and SDR Model Based Sediment Yield Assessment in a GIS and Remote Sensing Environment; A Case Study of Koga Watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Hydrol Current Res 7:239. Yusoff AH, Mohamed CAR (2016) Mini Review Uranium-Thorium Decay Series in the Marine Environment of the Southern South China Sea. J Geol Geophys 5:246.
48. Huicab-Pech ZG, Landeros-Sánchez C, Castañeda-Chávez MR, Lango-Reynoso F, López-Collado CJ, et al. (2016) Current State of Bacteria Pathogenicity and their Relationship with Host and Environment in Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. J Aquac Res Development 7:428.
49. Boddu SR, Prasanth SN, Prasad SB (2016) Environmental Impact Assessment of A Proposed 2640 MW Thermal Power Plant at Sompeta Using RIAM. J Civil Environ Eng 6:229.
50. Hamouda RM (2016) Engineering and Environmental Parameters for Biogas Production . Int J Waste Resour 6: 218.
51. Ohoka M, Ito T, Kitsunezaki M, Nomoto K, Bando Y, et al. (2016) Changes in Neonatal Microbiota Distribution Influenced by the Environment of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in the First Month of Life. J Neonatal Biol 5:222.
52. Zhu BQ (2016) A Review on Late Quaternary Environmental Change in the Namibia, South-Western Africa. J Earth Sci Clim Change. 7:348.
53. Kotasthane T, Pote S (2016) Impact of Pollutions on Environment and Its Hazards. J Ecosys Ecograph S5:011.
54. Nedjai R, Bensaid A, Tuan VN, Haouchine A, Nasredine MN (2016) Application of Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess the Construction Pressure on the Environment of Algiers (Algeria) During the Three Last Decades and Their Evolution by the Use of Markov Chain. J Remote Sensing & GIS 5:161.
55. Nyamoga GZ, Mgana JE, Ngaga YM (2016) Sawnwood Substitution in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Is there a Link to Environmental Conservation? J Ecosys Ecograph S5:006.
56. Sturaro A, Vianello A, Guerriero P, Rella R (2016) Analysis of Metals and Surface Modification of Leaves for the Evaluation of Forest Fires Started by Electrical Discharge. J Environ Anal Chem 3:179.
57. Magnoni M, Giustozzi F, Toraldo E, Crispino M (2016) Evaluation of the Effect of Aggregates Mineralogy and Geometry on Asphalt Mixture Friction. J Civil Environ Eng 6:223.
58. El-Shamy AM, Zohdy KM, El-Dahan HA (2016) Control of Corrosion and Microbial Corrosion of Steel Pipelines in Salty Environment by Polyacrylamide. Ind Chem 2:120.
59. Ratajczak A, Iles RK, Wen X (2016) Do the Adult Daughters of PCOS Patients Develop PCOS and Is This Due to an Androgenized Uterine Environment-An Online Epidemiological Survey. Reprod Syst Sex Disord 5: 167.
60. Ogunola OS, Palanisami T (2016) Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Current Status, Assessment Methodologies, Impacts and Solutions. J Pollut Eff Cont 4:161.
61. Ateia M, Yoshimura C, Nasr M (2016) In-situ Biological Water Treatment Technologies for Environmental Remediation: A Review. J Bioremed Biodeg 7:348.
62. Omer MA (2016) Greenhouses for Food Production and the Environment . Global J Technol Optim 7:190.
63. Payne AJ, Knight JA, Abarin T (2016) Effect of Environmental Factors on Obesity: A Quantile Regression Approach. J Biom Biostat 7: 293.
64. Schiffer D, Annovazzi L, Mellai M (2016) Tumor Stem Cells and the Microenvironment in Glioblastoma. J Carcinog Mutagen 7:260.
65. Olaleye AO, Tambi E, Bangali S, Odularu GOA (2016) Likoti Farming under Changing Climate in Lesotho: Agronomic Grain Yield versus Technical Efficiency. J Ecosys Ecograph S5:001.
66. Warrior H, Reddy BS, Sasmal K (2016) Role of Geophysical Models in Environmental Disaster Management. Int J Waste Resour 6:208.
67. Al-Saadi N (2016) Environmental Issues Concerning the Economic Development of Tourism in Iraq. J Glob Econ 4: 182.
68. Yang X, Yu B, Zhu Q, Liu DL (2016) Predicting Changes of Rainfall Erosivity and Hillslope Erosion across New South Wales, Australia. J Earth Sci Clim Change. 7:340.
69. Idilfitri S (2016) Understanding the Significance of Cultural Attribution. Anthropol 4:163.
70. Gebretsadik W (2016) Nursery Propagation and Field Establishment Evaluation of Pistacia chinensis under Two Ecologies in Ethiopia. J Hortic 3:171.
71. Thrasher JD (2016) Fungi, Bacteria, Nano-particulates, Mycotoxins and Human Health in Water-Damaged Indoor Environments. J Comm Pub Health Nurs 2:115.
72. Dilrukshi RAN, Kawasaki S (2016) Effective Use of Plant-Derived Urease in the Field of Geoenvironmental/Geotechnical Engineering. J Civil Environ Eng 6:207.
73. Hernández-Hernández KA, Illescas J, Díaz-Nava MdC, Muro-Urista CR, Martínez-Gallegos S, et al. (2016) Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites and Composites: Structures, Characteristics, and their Applications in the Removal of Organic Compounds of Environmental Interest. Med chem (Los Angeles) 6:201-210.
74. Muniyappan Gandhi R (2016) Recent Advances in Chitosan Based Biosorbent for Environmental Clean-Up. J Bioremed Biodeg 7:e173.
75. Johnson MMD (2016) Outsourcing as Prevalent Practice-Government and Commercial Environments (U.S. and Worldwide). J Civil Legal Sci 5:179.
76. Al-Agha AE, AL-Nosani NM (2016) Effect of the Family Food Environment and Dietary Behaviors on Obese Children and Adolescents. J Diabetes Metab 7:661.
77. Lin S, Gu LX (2016) How a Single Cell Sense its Mechanical Environment? J Biosens Bioelectron 7: 201.
78. Ghorab MA, Khalil MS (2016) The Effect of Pesticides Pollution on Our Life and Environment. J Pollut Eff Cont 4:159.
79. Pradeepkiran JA, Bhaskar M (2016) Environmental Acidification Impact on Fisheries by Changing Oxidative Markers of Liver and Intestine of Freshwater Fish Cyprinus carpio L. Poult Fish Wildl Sci 4:146.
80. Lin MC (2016) Marine Environmental Protection: A Highly Efficient Method of Degradation of Heavy Oil Pollution on Coastal Beaches. Hydrol Current Res 7:231.
81. Dutta S, William P, Lokhande S, Shinde VM, Purohit HJ, et al. (2016) Response of Anaerobic Digester Sludge for Activator Aided Rapid Composting and its Effects on Compost Quality. Int J Waste Resour 6:205.
82. Peng C, Yamashita K, Kobayashi E (2016) Effects of the Coastal Environment on Well-being. J Coast Zone Manag 19:421.
83. Xiao Z, Chen B, Dai J (2016) Building the Regenerative Microenvironment with Functional Biomaterials for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. J Spine S7:005.
84. Srhayri R, Naimi Y, Takky D, Motaouakkil S, Habti N (2016) Chemical and Biological Analyses of the Role of the Poly- Para-Phenylenediamine in the Erythrocytes Resistance in Hypotonic Environment. J Membra Sci Technol 6:141.
85. Jana BB, Kundu D, Datta D, Lahiri S, Bag S, et al. (2016) Evidences of Manure Driven and C:N Regulated Enhanced Carbon Status and Microalgal Productivity in Managed Aquatic System under Simulated Green House Conditions. J Earth Sci Clim Change 7:336.
86. Yamana M, Atake K, Katsuki A, Hori H, Yoshimura R (2016) Blood Biological Markers for Prediction of Escitalopram Response in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: Preliminary Study. J Depress Anxiety 5:222.
87. Bjørklund G, Chartrand M (2016) Nutritional and Environmental Influences on Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Nutr Disorders The 6:e123.
88. Samson M, Trivedi T, Orekoya O, Vyas S (2016) Understanding the Importance of Gene and Environment in the Etiology and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in High-Risk Populations. Oral health case Rep 1:112.
89. Passafiume D, Caputi N, De Federicis LS, Colantonio M, Di Giacomo D (2016) Recognition of Environmental Emotional Sounds in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism 6:217.
90. Shigeta Y, Ogawa T, Nakamura Y, Hirabayashi R, Ando E, et al. (2016) Raising Student Awareness in a Test Centered Environment. J Psychol Psychother 6:239.
91. Juwarkar AA, Singh L, Kumar GP, Jambhulkar HP, Kanfade H, et al. (2016) Biodiversity Promotion in Restored Mine Land through Plant-Animal Interaction . J Ecosys Ecograp 6:176.
92. Rodríguez Díaz JA, Montesinos P (2015) The Role of Precision Irrigation in Environmentally Sensitive Areas. Irrigat Drainage Sys Eng S1:e001.
93. Tehrany R, Bruton A, Barney A (2016) The Feasibility of Recording Speech Breathing Patterns before and after Pulmonary Rehabilitation in an Out- Patient Environment. J Pulm Respir Med 6:318.
94. Ezejiofor TIN (2016) Environmental Factors in Renal Disease: The Contribution of Urinary Tract Infections in Nigerian Renal Disease Burden-Research. Clin Microbiol 5:237.
95. Saputra F, Yen CH, Hsieh CY, Ou TY, Risjani Y, et al. (2016) Toxicity Effects of the Environmental Hormone 4-Tert-Octylphenol in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio). J Marine Sci Res Dev 6:180.
96. Caruso G, Genovese L, Zaccone R, Caruso R, Modica A, et al. (2016) Temporal Evolution of the Microbiological Conditions of a Sicilian Area Designed for Aquaculture (Castellammare Gulf, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea). Oceanography 4:139.
97. Skandrani Z (2016) Considering the Socio-ecological Co-construction of Nature Conceptions as a Basis for Urban Environmental Governance. J Geogr Nat Disas 6:153.
98. Friday AC, Nwite JN (2016) Implication of Roasting Goats with Tyre on Human Health and the Environment in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. J Pollut Eff Cont 4:153.
99. Paniagua-Michel J, Olmos-Soto J (2016) Modern Approaches into Biochemical and Molecular Biomarkers: Key Roles in Environmental Biotechnology. J Biotechnol Biomater 6:216.
100. Brodziak A, Wieczorek L (2016) Mysterious Wave of Severe Poisonings in Poland by New Psychoactive Substances. J Gerontol Geriatr Res 5:269.