Nano Carriers Application in Targeted Drug Delivery System

About the Study

Liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, and other Nano carriers have showed great promise in the field of targeted drug delivery, particularly in cancer therapy. The simultaneous assembly of chemical moieties to functionalize nanomaterial’s has been a popular technique for achieving features like as long-term circulation, site specificity, and stimuli sensitivity.

Nano carriers with multifunctionality have a more controlled biological interaction, which improves the efficacy of therapeutic and diagnostic processes. We attempt to discuss the use of various nanocarrier systems for targeted drug delivery as well as current strategies for developing multifunctionality on nanocarrier systems in this paper [1,2].

Nanocarriers are important transport agents because of their small size and capacity to change physical properties like charge and shape to transfer medicinal substances to tissues. Nanoparticles, dendrimers, and polymeric or lipid-based carriers like liposomes are examples of nanocarriers. Instead of the active drug, nanocarriers act as a transport carrier that determines the pharmacokinetics of transport and distribution [3].

Nanocarriers have several advantages, including preventing active medications from degrading, allowing for higher and more efficient concentrations in the target tissue, and reducing the severity of hazardous side effects. Additionally, nanocarriers can be combined to specific ligands to improve their selectivity for target tissues. Certain nanocarriers have the added benefit of blocking cellular efflux pumps, which helps to combat drug-resistant processes found in some cancers [4,5]. For example, using nanoparticles to deliver camptothecin improved both medication delivery and survival in rats with GBM.A comparable comparison of doxorubicin distribution through nanodiamond particles and standard techniques for the treatment of rat gliomas revealed that combining CED and nanocarriers has an additive effect on drug action efficiency and animal survival. Nanocarriers have been studied in other fields of surgery, including the treatment of aneurysms, in addition to malignancies.

Nanocarriers are crucial components in the production of new drugs. They improve bioavailability, protect and stabilise more vulnerable drugs, reduce adverse effects, and enable active targeting. The typical methods for making these nanocarriers, the many polymeric materials used to make them, and some of the more unusual applications of liposomes and nanoparticles [6-7].

Inorganic nanocarriers, such as iron-oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and titanium oxide nanoparticles, are typically produced from metallic compounds. These nanocarriers can benefit from some of the same advantages as organic nanocarriers, such as surface functionalization, but they can also benefit from other targeting mechanisms, such as magnetism. Some of these nanocarriers have imaging capabilities, which can be useful in the treatment of glioblastoma. Iron-oxide nanoparticles coated with an EGFRvIII-targeting antibody, along with conventionally improved administration to target glioblastoma, are similar to liposomes. There was little to no toxicity, and the viability of glioblastoma cells was significantly reduced. For the treatment of glioblastoma, iron-oxide nanoparticles coupled with cetuximab, an EGFR antagonist, were also employed. The results were positive, with a considerable antitumor impact that outperformed single-agent cetuximab administration [8].

A promising method is to use nanocarriers as antibody carriers. Encapsulating an antibody within a nanocarrier, however, is difficult due to the antibody's size and hydrophobicity, which is why few studies have been conducted on nanocarriers containing antibodies. Antibodies have a lot of potential as surface modifiers because they allow for active targeting of overexpressed receptors in the tumour microenvironment or the BBB to improve penetration efficiency. Alternative techniques to induce antibody encapsulation should be investigated further, since the potential therapeutic benefits of an antibody combined with the improved delivery benefits of a nanocarrier is undoubtedly a highly powerful and dynamic forthcoming combination [9].

Nanocarriers can be utilised to target cancer cells passively or actively. The increased permeability and retention (EPR) effect allows nanocarriers to extravasate into tumour tissues via leaky tissues (passive targeting). Nanocarriers concentrate within tumour tissues as a result of faulty lymphatic drainage, allowing medication release in the vicinity of cancer cells. However, because to the possibility of MDR induction, the passive targeting technique may be limited. Attaching targeting ligands to the nanocarrier surface, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and receptor ligands, allows the nanocarriers to be internalised into cells before the medicine is released [10].

Polymeric nanocarriers are also used in the wood preservation sector to improve preservative impregnation, but they have garnered significantly less attention in research investigations. The active ingredient can be encapsulated into polymeric nanocarriers via a variety of processes, such as nanoprecipitation, which shows numerous forms of polymeric nanocarriers that can be utilized for active ingredient delivery. Active substances are coupled to or encapsulated in polymers in polymeric nanoparticles. Polymerases having a hydrophilic inner core and a lipophilic bilayer vesicular system made up of hydrophilic–hydrophobic block copolymers.

References

1. Grobelny P, et al. Amorphization of itraconazole by inorganic pharmaceutical excipients: comparison of excipients and processing method. Pharmaceutic Deve Techno.2005;20: 118-127.
2. Nachaegari SK, et al. Coprocessed excipients for solide dosage forms.  Pharm Dev Technol. 2004;28:52-65.

   [Google Scholar]

3. Marwaha M, et al. Co processing of excipients: A review on excipient development for improved tabletting performance. Int J Appl Pharma. 2003 ;2: 41-47.

   [Crossref]

4. Rashid I, et al. Chitin-silicon dioxide coprecipitate as a novel superdisintegrant chitin–silicon dioxide coprecipitate as a novel superdisintegrant. J Pharm Sci. 2008;97:4955-4969.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

5. Kumar, M. et al. A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive Functional Pol. 2000; 8:203-226.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

6. Late SG,et al. Effect of disintegration-promoting agent, lubricants and moisture tretment on optimized fast disintegrating tablets. Int J Pharm. 2009;365:4-11.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar][PubMed]

7. Desai U, et al.  A review : Coprocessed excipients. Int J Pharm Sci Rev R. 2012;12:93-105.

   [Google Scholar]

8. Popov KI, et al. The effect of the particle shape and structure on the flowability of electrolytic copper powder I:Modeling of a represntative powder particle . J Serb Chem Soc. 2003;68:771-778.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

9. Yap S, et al. single and bulk compression of pharmaceutical excipients: Evaluation of machanical properties. Powder Technology. 2008;185: 1-10.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

10. Stirnimann T, et al. Characterization of functionalized calcium carbonate as a new pharmaceutical excipient. 2014;43:1669-1676.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar][PubMed]