International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

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ISSN ONLINE(2320-9801) PRINT (2320-9798)

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Reputation and Quality of Service for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Ant Colony Optimization

Aravindan.N1, Muthumani.I.2
  1. PG Scholar, Dept. of E.C.E., ACCET, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India
  2. Professor, Dept. of E.C.E., ACCET, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Abstract

In wireless sensor network, security is a major concern. The protection of integrity and confidentiality of information can be protected from unauthorized access is an important one. In open wireless medium and small size of sensor nodes, the implementation of security can be challenged one. In existing, they can be used QDV for securing WSN. Two parameters are used such as QOS and reputation. It takes more simulation time. In proposed, Ant colony optimization concept can be used for more securable between the two neighbour nodes and it can be providing the trusted nodes and more reliable data for communication purposes. Additionally, it can provide the scalability and computation power.

Keywords
DP-16-QAM; SSMF; Hybrid Amplifier

INTRODUCTION
Repeaterless systems are important in undersea networks and in terrestrial spans in remote areas where inline service access is difficult to deploy and expensive. An increase on the transmission capacity often relies on advanced modulation formats, which are subject to stringent requirements with respect to the received optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). In this case, an upgrade in the system capacity over a legacy infra-structure is only possible if the noise levels across the network are significantly reduced.
Since the large majority (over 80%) of terrestrial links is composed of SSMF ITU-T G.652 fibers, a feasible upgrade of legacy repeaterless spans requires the use of conventional fibers and commercially available pump power sources (first order pumps, in case of Raman amplification). For 10 Gb/s channel transmission through standard SSMF ITU-T G.652 fibers typical repeaterless spans are about 300km, when coherent detection and electrical dispersion compensation are employed.
As the demand for higher data transmission goes on increasing, for such higher data rate transmission, keen design of optical network is required to overcome the chromatic dispersion (CD), to have good Bit Error Rate (BER), and to overcome the constraint by optoelectronic Regenerator, at the same time it should be cost effective. With all these concerns, a system with good modulation technique with Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) along with all optical regeneration should be employed [1].

RELATED WORK
Recent investigations have reported multi-channel coherent 100 Gb/s transmission up to 462 km. However, those transmission arrangements made use of enhanced and/or ultra large area pure silica core fiber (ITU-T G.654), or True Wave reach fiber (ITU-T G.655.C), rather than standard single mode fibers (SSMF ITU-T G.652) [2]. Also, sophisticated higher order amplification schemes were needed, including high order Raman amplification and remote optically-pumped amplifiers (ROPAs), as well as erbium-ytterbium doped fiber booster amplifiers, to provide higher output power [5]–[7]. However, when the goal is an upgrade of legacy terrestrial links from 10-40 Gb/s to 100 Gb/s channels, those approaches may not be a feasible option. This occurs because they rely on the use of unusual optical fibers, additional fibers to provide remote amplification, and high order Raman amplifiers, exorbitantly increasing the overall system cost. As an alternative, we propose the use of hybrid optical amplifiers made of first-order Raman amplifiers and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), as booster and pre-amplifiers respectively, to improve the SSMF noise performance, aiming to achieve the highest possible bandwidth-distance product for 112 Gb/s repeaterlessfiber transmission systems. Such hybrid configurations are better because they minimize the overall OSNR (compared to a topology using only EDFAs). We use hybrid amplification to improve OSNR, and coherent detection for better sensitivity. The chromatic dispersion (CD) along the fiber can be compensated either by dispersion compensation module (DCM) or electronically by Digital Signal processing method [3].All optical Regeneration is achieved by hybrid amplifiers, so that the constraints imposed by optoelectronic regenerators could be overcome and that makes transmission of data rate higher than 40 Gb/s Possible. While concerning about the modulation techniques, here in this experiment after a long survey of the modulation techniques, DP-16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) has been chosen on considering all our requirements [8].For cost effectiveness we used Standard Single Mode Fiber (SSMF) and Raman/EDFA Combination, without using any special amplifiers like Remote Optically- Pumped Amplifiers (ROPA) and Special Fibers. EDFA offers low insertion loss, low crosstalk, high gain, polarization insensitive, and lower noise figure making it useful as transmission amplifier in WDM systems

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
In our experiment Set-up employed to preliminary determine the optimum amplification arrangement and Dispersion compensation schemes. In our experimental procedure, we used Standard Single Mode Fibers (G.652) with attenuation coefficient of 0.2 dB/km and chromatic dispersion of 17 ps/nm/km at 1550 nm and tested optical network of 330 km. The goal is to find the longest span without using repeaters to transmit the 40 x 112 Gb/s channels. Two different chromatic dispersion compensation schemes were checked. The first scheme compensates the chromatic dispersion using compensation fibers modules (DCF/DCM), comprising the lumped Raman amplifier of the receiver hybrid amplifier (the DCF length depends on the span length). The second scheme uses only a digital chromatic dispersion compensation TDE algorithm at the coherent receiver digital signal processing (DSP) block. In an overview, the set-up illustrated in Fig. 1 comprises the 40 x 112 Gb/s transmitter, DCF fiber and amplifier to compensate the attenuation loss because of the DCF, the hybrid optical amplifier at the transmitter side, the fiber span, the hybrid amplifier and another DCF and corresponding amplifier to compensate the loss at the receiver end, and the 112 Gb/s coherent receiver. In addition, an optical pass band filter (PBF) was used to reduce the effect of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise reaching the receiver end.
In our Experiment Transmitter block contains WDM Transmitter, transmitting 40 channels from 192.25 THz to 194.2 THz with 50 GHz spacing. Each Channel is DP-16-QAM modulated and all the 40 channels are multiplexed through WDM Multiplexer. At the end of transmitter block variable attenuator is used to control the power of the signal entering the Pre-compensation section.
The Post-compensation Section contains a Dispersion Compensation Fiber (DCF) and optical amplifier, the DCF fiber is of length 38.7 km and attenuation of 0.5 dB/km, to compensate the loss in signal level because of the attenuation of the DCF we go for an optical amplifier that boost up the signal level.
Then the signal enters in hybrid amplifier section, it contains a Raman amplifier and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA). For Raman pump wavelength of 1440 nm and 1450 nm were used at 360 mW power and for EDFA 980nm pump at 600 mW were used. Hybrid Amplified Signal enters Standard Single Mode Fiber (SSMF) of Length 330 km, parameters of the SSMF are attenuation of 0.2 dB/km, Dispersion of 17 ps/nm/km and Effective area of 107 micro meter square. After leaving the SSMF the signal enters dispersion Post-compensation section contains DCF and optical amplifier, parameters just as like the Pre-compensation section. Before Entering the Receiver section the signal is band pass filtered using a rectangular band pass filter. Finally the signal is coherently detected at the receiver and the Received signal is analyzed with Constellation Analyzer and Bit Error Rate (BER) Analyzer.

Results and discussion
In our case, with all channels modulated at 112 Gb/s with 50 GHz channel spacing, it is mandatory to take the following possible effects into consideration: self-phase modulation (SPM), four wave mixing (FWM), intra channel cross-talk and cross-phase modulation (XPM). Especially, the SPM related to each of the 40 modulated channels does not differ in nature to the SPM produced by the signal on itself. Regarding the FWM, its learned that FWM induces negligible impact compared to XPM (which is the dominant non-linear effect) in SSMF coherent systems with 50 GHz spacing. In addition, we showed that the use of CW lasers (or non-intensity modulated channels) around a modulated channel, which is our tested arrangement, actually represents the worst case as far as FWM effects are concerned. Related to the channel cross-talk, we demonstrated that even with all channels modulated at 112 Gb/s DP-16-QAM, with 50 GHz channel spacing, there is negligible power loss related to cross-talk between the transmitted channels when the received BER is near to the pre-FEC limit. Finally, the XPM is the most important non-linear effect for 112 Gb/s DP -16 - QAMWDM transmission with 50 GHz spacing between channels.
Fig. 3 illustrates the BER and OSNR obtained by using the above mentioned technique. Inspection of Fig. 3 indicates that all 40 BER values are kept below the pre-FEC threshold.Fig 5 shows, Q factor as 8.6, Min. BER 1.66e-16.
The worst case channel performances were at 194.05 THz (1544.94 nm, ITU grid H40) which depicts the lower OSNR value and at 194.00 THz (1545.30 nm, ITU grid C40) which depicts the higher BER value. The best BER and OSNR were at 192.1 THz (1560.60 nm, ITU grid C21).

CONCLUSIONAND FUTURE WORK
The Demonstration of transmission of 40 channels at 112 Gbps (about 4.48 Tbps) along a 330 km SSMF G.652 without repeaters has been done. Using the designed amplifiers, it was possible to achieve 330 km of Repeaterless transmission distance with 40 WDM channels occupying the upper half C-band (544.94 nm to 1560.60 nm). Working towards expanding it to full C-band. Specifically, considering the hybrid amplifier as a single entity (EDFA and co-propagating DRA in the same optical circuit), it is desirable to increase the number of Raman pump lasers, and choose the pump wavelengths through a multi-parameter optimization method, aiming a flat spectral gain with no use of passive components, such as GFFs. This could optimize the OSNR along the full C-band.
 

Figures at a glance
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References