ISSN: 2322-0066

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Screening Of Thermo Tolerant Rice Genotypes For Heat Tolerance At Seedling Stage Using TIR Technique Also Comparing Allele Sizes

B. Arpitha Shankar*, A. Sri Vidya, N.P. Eswar Reddy

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, S.V. Agricultural College, Institute of Frontier Technology, RARS, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:
B. Arpitha Shankar
Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, S. V. Agricultural College, Institute of Frontier Technology, RARS, Tirupati Andhra Pradesh, India
E-mail: arpithashnkr94@gmail.com

Received date: 07/12/2020; Accepted date: 21/12/2020; Published date: 28/12/2020

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Abstract

Background: Heat is one of the major factors that considerably limit rice production. Here we report a novel Temperature Induction Response (TIR) technique was standardized for Rice crop. Production of rice-the world's most important crop for ensuring food security and addressing poverty will be defeated as temperatures increase in rice-growing areas with continued climate change. Climate change needs us to look at various alternatives for more drought tolerant and tougher strains and to develop a technique to screen a large number of genotypes for high temperature tolerance. By adapting TIR technique 74 genotypes were screened for thermo tolerance.

Results: Out of 74 genotypes 14 exhibits thermo tolerance due to induced high temperature. This is also known by analyzing the informativeness of polymorphic markers by allele coding.

Conclusion:These genotypes have intrinsic heat tolerance and they can
be explored as donor source in breeding programme aimed for global warming.

Keywords

Thermo tolerance, Lethal temperature, Sub-lethal temperature, Rice genotypes, Seedling survival, Allele coding

Introduction

Rice is the most important and staple food around the world. India is the second largest producer of Rice. Rice occupied an area of about 43.86 million ha with production of 11,267 million tons during 2015-16. Rice is important Kharif and Rabi crop. Due to increasing temperatures by Global warming plants are prone for recurrent heat and drought stresses which effect the crop growth and yield. Plants adapt to high temperature stress by inherent basal level tolerance as well as acquired tolerance to severe temperature stress. Acquired thermo tolerance is quite rapid and has been shown to be induced during cell acclimation to moderately high temperature periods (Hikosaka et al.; Larkindale et al.; Massie et al.) Temperature affects a broad spectrum of cellular components and metabolism, and temperature extremes impose stresses of variable severity that depend on the rate of temperature change, intensity, and duration [1]. The ability to withstand and to acclimate to supra-optimal temperatures results from both prevention of heat damage and repair of heat-sensitive components (Sung et al; SenthilKumar et al.) Seedlings exposed to a sub lethal temperature prior to challenge with severe temperature have better growth recovery than those seedlings challenged directly to severe temperature stress. The global rise in temperature will also increase the severity of other environmental stresses such as floods and drought. The variation in rainfall will lead to more frequent floods and droughts (Yildiz M and Terzi H) which are the most important constraints for deep water and aerobic cropping systems, respectively. Both these extreme conditions (drought and flood), if exceed certain critical period, will have substantial consequences on rice and may lead to complete failure of the rice crop when occur at sensitive stages either in the form of water shortage or excessive submergence. And thus, the changing climate may enforce a shift in the cropping pattern in most parts of the world most probably making rice the most suitable choice for areas with increased water availability but becoming less appropriate for farmers in areas with decreased wetness. So there is a need to adopt a multi-faceted approach while studying the impact of high-temperature stress, also focusing on other environmental stresses, which may be equally detrimental for rice productivity [2]. Acquired tolerance for a specific abiotic stress has been shown to give cross protection for other stresses such as salinity, chilling temperatures, and drought. Therefore, evaluating the relative performance of rice genotypes for high temperature tolerance using TIR technique is main objective. Along with TIR technique allele coding which provides information of polymorphic markers is also considered [3,4] .

Materials and Methods

Experimental details and treatments

Experimental details: The experiment was conducted at Phenotyping laboratory, Institute of Frontier Technology, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati. Using the standardized TIR (Temperature Induction Response) protocol.

Highly thermo tolerant rice genotypes were screened from 74 rice germplasm obtained from Nellore, Marteru, some
land races and African lines (Nerica) including proven varieties for heat tolerance like N22, Dular and Nipponbare are used as check genotypes to select the tolerant set. This approach of TIR involves first the identification of challenging temperature and induction temperature and later standardizing them before being used for screening germplasm for intrinsic tolerance. Phenotyping of rice genotypes for thermo tolerance using TIR technique was established in this laboratory (Sudhakar et al.) and same protocol is used in this study [5-7].

Treatments: Rice seeds were washed with distilled water 2-3 times and are kept for germination at room temperature. After 42 hours seedlings which have attained 0.5 cm uniform in size are selected and shown in aluminum trays containing blotter paper wetted with water. These trays with seedlings were subjected to sub-lethal temperatures (gradual temperature increasing for every half an hour from 38°C to 55°C for 4 hours in the environmental chamber–‘LABLINE’–(Humidity Controlled Oven). Later these seedlings were exposed to lethal temperatures (55˚C) (induced) for 2 hours. Another sub set of seedlings were exposed directly to lethal temperatures (non-induced). Induced and non-induced rice seedlings were allowed to recover at room temperature for one week [8,9]. A control tray was maintained at room temperature, without exposing to sub-lethal and lethal temperatures (Table 1).

The following parameters were recorded from the seedlings

equation

equation

equation

S.No. Genotype SP/ S.No. Genotype Sp/ S.No. Genotype SP/SL*
SL* SL*
1 Basmathi 370 100 26 VL Dhan 16 100 51 Sonasali 60
2 Dular** 100 27 AC41038 90 52 Swarna 60
3 FR13A (LR) 100 28 MTU 1071 90 53 WGL 347 60
4 Jagannadh 100 29 NLR3242 90 54 AC38460 50
5 Konark 100 30 NLR34242 90 55 Dikhow 50
6 Koshihikari 100 31 NLR4002 90 56 ARC10533 40
7 Minghui 100 32 Basmathi 386 80 57 Vasundhara 40
8 MTU1001 100 33 BPT1235 80 58 JGL3844 30
9 MTU1010 100 34 IR64 80 59 NLR30491 30
10 MTU1061 100 35 JGL3855 80 60 LN409 20
11 MTU3626 100 36 LN386 80 61 Mahisugandh 20
12 N22** 100 37 NL42# 80 62 Shabigdhan 20
13 NBR16 100 38 NLR3042 80 63 Udayagiri 20
14 Nilagiri 100 39 Pokkali 80 64 BPT5204 10
15 Nipponbare** 100 40 Rajeshwari 80 65 Dalasaitha 10
16 NL61# 100 41 Ranbir Basmati 80 66 Disang 10
17 NL24# 100 42 WGL482 80 67 Erramallelu 10
18 NLR145 100 43 WGL915 80 68 RNR150418 10
19 NLR3238 100 44 Kandagiri 70 69 Binuhungiri 0
20 Satya 100 45 Kolong 70 70 Kab Aus R270 0
21 Siddi 95 100 46 IR1552 60 71 Kapilee 0
22 Sona 100 47 NL1 60 72 Lachit 0
23 Swarna Sub1A 100 48 NLR3354 60 73 MTU1121 0
24 TKM6 100 49 NLR33671 60 74 Pusa1121 0
25 Vajram 100 50 NLR40024 60      

Table 1: Survival percentage of different genotypes under sub lethal conditions.

Results

Using this technique it was proved that sufficient genetic variability was present among rice genotypes for high temperature tolerance. The genotypes showed significant genetic variability for per cent survival of seedlings, per cent reduction in root and shoot growth respectively. The per cent survival of seedlings varied from 0 to 100 per cent. Among the 74 rice genotypes screened 14 (FR 13A, Swarna Sub 1A, NLR3238, MTU1001, Jagannadh, MTU1061, Konark, Vajram, Satya,Minghui, VL Dhan 16, BPT1235, JGL3855, Basmathi 386) genotypes showed highest thermo tolerance in terms of 80-100 per cent seedlings survival and no or very little reduction in root and shoot growth. Of these, two genotypes namely FR13A (Table 2), and SwarnaSub 1A were out performed the highly tolerant check Dular in the study both for RRL (Relative Root Length) (62.53% and 47.56%) and RSL (Relative Shoot Length) (106.20% and 40.74%), respectively. However, the other two checks N22 and Nipponbare showed 100% survival, the growth performance was poor over control. The genotypes NLR3238, MTU1001, Jagannadh, MTU1061 and Konark also showed better performance over Dular [10-12].

S No Genotype SP/SL* MRL -C MRL-SL RRL SHTL-C SHTL-T RSL
A N22* 100 6.4 6.05 -5.39 8.92 6.03 -32.4
B Nipponbare* 100 7.58 5.17 -31.59 14.42 5.88 -59.11
C Dular* 100 7.4 10.61 43.36 7.58 6.33 -16.57
1 FR13A 100 5.74 9.33 62.53 4.64 9.54 106.2
3 Swarna Sub1A 100 7.15 10.55 47.56 5.3 7.45 40.74
6 NLR3238 100 7.23 10.22 41.36 6.33 8.44 33.38
7 MTU1001 100 6.67 9.38 41.26 9.24 8.51 -7.91
5 Jagannadh 100 7.48 10.58 41.74 10.39 9.33 -10.16
4 MTU1061 100 6.33 9.29 46.81 8.44 7.27 -13.88
8 Konark 100 6.81 9.41 38.15 6.6 9.21 39.69
2 Vajram 100 5.27 8.48 61 9.24 5.23 -43.4
9 Satya 100 5.21 5.8 11.31 6.31 6.16 -2.33
10 Minghui 100 7.45 9.19 23.54 7.67 6.23 -18.77
11 VL Dhan 16 100 4.45 4.8 7.87 5.26 7.44 41.39
13 BPT1235 80 7.34 10.74 46.35 7.15 11.75 64.35
14 JGL3855 80 6.5 9.26 42.67 6.64 7.25 9.21
12 Basmathi 386 80 7.11 8.51 19.77 6.6 9.49 43.82
  Min 80 4.45 4.8 -31.59 4.64 5.23 -59.11
  Max 100 7.58 10.74 62.53 14.42 11.75 106.2

Table 2: Performance of fourteen heat tolerant genotypes along with known check genotypes. Alleles sharing similar sizes are arranged with check genotypes.

Each genotype was assigned an allele code generated by respective polymorphic marker based on their allele size and colour coded as shown in the figure below. As many as a highest number of 100bp alleles were identified by TTC/TTM in the range of 100 to 350bp. (Yongyao Xie et.al) (Figure 1) [13-15].

biology-depicts

Figure 1: The above table clearly depicts the allele sizes shared by distinctive markers and were arranged in a proper format in the table below (Wanwarang et al.).

Discussion

These results are in conformity with several studies, which showed that acclimated plants survive upon exposure to a severe stress, which otherwise could be lethal and is considered to be as thermo tolerance (Senthil Kumar et al.) Results of this study indicated that the effect of TIR on other genotypes revealed variable results. Such acquired tolerance was variably recorded in other rice genotypes, where either survival of seedlings was affected or root growth alone was affected or only shoot growth was affected. This technique of exposing young seedlings to sublethal and lethal temperature has been validated in many crop species (Senthil Kumar et al.) This novel temperature induction response technique has been demonstrated to reveal genetic variability in intrinsic stress tolerance at cellular level. (Sudhakar et al.) (Figure 2). The present study also revealed that the Thermo Induced Response (TIR) technique can very well be used in rice crop (Table 1).

biology- genotypes

Figure 2: From the above table the genotypes that are similar to the check/control genotypes by sharing their allele sizes by proving to be almost equal to the control genotypes .There are certain genotypes that are heat Sensitive but have similar allele sizes.

Conclusion

The above results suggest that the TIR technique is a powerful and constructive technique to identify genetic variability in high temperature tolerance in rice within a short period of time and it is suitable for screening a large number of genotypes. Even though, allele coding is an effective method the alleles generated from different polymorphic markers were not clearly distinguished tolerant set from sensitive set of genotypes like TIR technique. The identified 30 genotypes of rice can be used as donor source for developing high temperature tolerant rice genotypes to resist global rise temperature.

References