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Thermodynamical Investigation of Aqueous Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate: Comparison of the Fillers Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulphate

K. Renuka Devi*, A. Gomathiyalini

Govt Arts College for Women (Autonomous), Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu-622 001, India.

*Corresponding Author:
Renuka D
Govt Arts College for Women (Autonomous)
Pudukkottai, Tamil Nadu-622 001, India
Tel: +04322 222 202
E-mail: ombamalu@uwc.ac.za

Received Date: 25/09/2015; Accepted Date: 25/04/2016; Published Date: 28/04/2016

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Abstract

Detergent is an aggregation of surfactants, builders, fillers by enabling the solution to wet a surface quickly and effectively. It also emulsifies oily soils and keep them, bleaches, dyes, enzymes and several other ingredients. Surfactants cleanses suspended and dispersed so they do not settle back on the surface. To achieve superior cleaning performance, other compounds like builders and fillers are added to surfactants. Sodium dodecyl sulphate is an anionic surfactant, primary ingredient added to detergents and cleaning products. In the present investigation, the molecular interactions of SDS are studied through the addition of fillers sodium chloride and sodium sulphate. The important usage of NaCl and Na2SO4 are in the manufacture of detergents. Sodium sulphate is a very cheap material, consuming approximately about 50% of world production. It helps in “leveling”, reducing negative charges on fibers so that dyes can penetrate evenly on fabrics. Similarly sodium chloride also serves as effective filler when added to SDS. The efficiency of these SDS and fillers in detergent action can be analyzed by the thermo dynamical study using ultrasonic method with the measurement of ultrasonic velocity, viscosity and density. Using the measured values, thermo dynamical parameters like internal pressure, free volume, osmotic pressure, Δπi, Gibb’s free energy, molar cohesive energy were evaluated for aqueous SDS with fillers at different temperatures. Ultrasonic study of the aqueous solutions reveals some information regarding internal pressure which is a single factor appears to vary due to the internal cohesive forces resultant from attractive and repulsive forces between the molecules. It measures the molecular cohesion and instantaneous volume derivative of cohesive energy associated with an isothermal expansion of solutions. The internal pressure of hydrogen bonded liquids (water) is large as compared to nonhydrogen bonded liquids. Hence it can be used for studying molecular association of hydrogen bonding. Similarly free volume is one of significant factor in explaining the free space and its dependent properties have close connection with molecular structure and it may show features about various interactions. It seems to be conditioned by repulsive forces whereas internal pressure is sensitive to attractive forces. Gibb’s free energy is the energy associated with a chemical reaction that can be used to do work. Molar cohesive energy is arising due to the mutual attractiveness of molecules. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane. Various interactions of SDS with fillers are explained in terms of above parameters and also the relationships πi=π0+Am2+Bm for internal pressure and Vf=Vf0+Cm2+Dm for free volume were also verified. Thecoefficients A, B and C, D for the above equation have been calculated at different temperatures. Δπi gives an idea about the effect of cohesive forces in ion-solvent interaction. It is understood that sensitive information regarding the cohesive forces is well obtained by the data Δπi instead of the coefficients of the above equation.

Keywords

SDS, Sodium chloride, Sodium sulphate, Molar cohesive energy, Internal pressure, Free volume, Gibb’s free energy.

Introduction

A laundry detergent composition generally comprises six groups of substances: surfactants, builders, enzymes, bleaching agents, fillers and other minor additives such as dispersing agents, fabric softening clay and optical brighteners [1]. Detergents and household, personal products account for over half the use of surfactant [2]. Hence knowledge about the surfactant nature with other ingredients is the driving force for the detergent usage and their related industrial applications. In this article, the studies of molecular interactions present in the surfactant solutions combined with the fillers were done by calculating the Thermodynamical parameters and their results were discussed. The anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate taken under study is used in greater volume than any other groups due to their ease and low cost of manufacture. Detergent fillers are additives that are added to detergents to improve the cleansing performance. The objective of adding fillers to detergents is to make detergents fluid or to turn the fluidized detergents in powder form. The parameters such as ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity and other related Thermodynamical parameters provide better insight into intermolecular interactions. The investigation is carried out to calculate the Thermodynamical parameters of sodium dodecyl sulphate with the addition of fillers and to interpret the results of them (Table 1).

Temperature Molality(mm) Internal Pressure(*108 N/m2) Free Volume(*10-8 m3) Osmotic pressure
298 K NaCl Na2SO4 NaCl Na2SO4 NaCl Na2SO4
0 27.8756 27.8756 1.7193 1.7193 0.2231 0.2231
2 27.5480 27.5539 1.7775 1.7763 0.0892 0.0889
4 27.6697 27.5847 1.7540 1.7702 0.1783 0.1334
6 27.6966 27.7351 1.7499 1.7404 0.2674 0.2666
8 27.7230 27.7292 1.7455 1.7414 0.356 0.3554
10 27.7128 27.7102 1.7480  1.7450 0.444 0.4436
12 27.8241 27.8254 1.7301 1.7240 0.5325 0.5305
14 27.9212 27.8997 1.7147 1.7135 0.6211 0.6175
308 K 0 25.4539 25.4539 2.4601 2.4601 0.2306 0.2306
2 25.2589 25.2763 2.5267 2.3348 0.0922 0.0919
4 25.1526 25.2292 2.5595 2.4028 0.1843 0.1378
6 25.3200 25.3334 2.5116 2.4445 0.2764 0.2756
8 25.4856 25.4866 2.4671 2.5205 0.3679 0.3673
10 25.4911 25.5298 2.4654 2.5829 0.4589 0.4585
12 25.5434 25.6333 2.4520 2.6682 0.5504 0.5483
14 25.5734 25.7396 2.4482 2.3926 0.642 0.6382
318 K 0 22.4784 22.4784 3.9129 3.9129 0.2381 0.2381
2 23.6586 23.6792 3.3550 3.3453 0.0952 0.0949
4 23.6075 23.6637 3.3784 3.3516 0.1903 0.1423
6 23.5976 23.6474 3.3824 3.3566 0.2854 0.2845
8 23.7156 23.6963 3.3358 3.3358 0.3799 0.3792
10 23.8258 23.7348 3.2929 3.3217 0.4738 0.4734
12 23.8221 23.8100 3.2950 3.2894 0.5683 0.5661
14 23.8643 23.9441 3.2784 3.2329 0.6628 0.659
328 K 0 21.5276 21.5276 4.8451 4.8451 0.2456 0.2456
2 21.8923 21.9034 4.6040 4.5946 0.0982 0.0979
4 21.8826 22.0608 4.6139 4.4695 0.1963 0.1468
6 21.9542 22.1747 4.5697 4.4010 0.2944 0.2935
8 21.8970 22.2975 4.6043 4.3200 0.3918 0.3912
10 21.9099 22.4040 4.6011 4.2744 0.4887 0.4883
12 21.9775 22.5524 4.5648 4.1762 0.5861 0.5839
14 21.9994 22.5567 4.5526 4.1655 0.6837 0.6797

Table 1: Values of internal pressure, free volume and osmotic pressure of aqueous sodium dodecyl sulphate combined with sodium chloride and sodium sulphate at different temperatures.

Experimental Methods

AnalaR grade samples of Sodium dodeyl sulphate, sodium chloride and sodium sulphate were used for the present investigation. Solutions of sodium dodecyl sulphate (10 mm) added with fillers sodium chloride and sodium sulphate at different concentrations (2 mm to 14 mm) was prepared. Ultrasonic velocity is measured using an ultrasonic interferometer (Mittal F-81D) with fixed frequency 2 MHz. Density is measured using specific gravity bottles at various temperatures with constant temperature bath. Viscosity is measured using Ostwald viscometer.

Theoretical formulations

The following Thermodynamical parameters were calculated from following relations using the velocity, density and viscosity values (Table 2).

Temperature Molality(mm) Molar Cohesive energy(*104 KJ mol-1) Gibb’s Free energy(*10-21 KJ mol-1 ) Δπi
298 K NaCl Na2SO4 NaCl Na2SO4 NaCl Na2SO4
0 5.0384 5.0384 5.6148 5.6148 0.7435 0.7435
2 4.9847 4.9857 5.3996 5.5773 -0.3276 -0.3216
4 5.0068 4.9915 5.4231 5.4697 -0.2059 -0.2908
6 5.0102 5.0204 5.3973 5.4047 -0.1790 -0.0140
8 5.0142 5.0195 5.3702 5.3518 -0.1525 -0.1463
10 5.0115 5.016 5.3374 5.2148 -0.1628 -0.1653
12 5.0273 5.0361 5.34365 5.1452 -0.0515 -0.0501
14 5.0410 5.0447 5.34360 5.3381 0.0455 0.0241
308 K 0 4.6316 4.6316 4.5665 4.5665 0.4987 0.4987
2 4.5887 4.5905 4.3507 4.5573 -0.1950 -0.1775
4 4.5678 4.5817 4.2633 4.4368 -0.3013 -0.2246
6 4.5960 4.6016 4.3093 4.3779 -0.1338 -0.0120
8 4.6221 4.6281 4.3343 4.2732 0.0317 0.0327
10 4.6232 4.6371 4.3253 4.1886 0.0371 0.0759
12 4.6311 4.6553 4.3338 4.0904 0.0894 0.1794
14 4.6319 4.6702 4.3284 4.3791 0.1195 0.2857
318 K 0 4.0998 4.0998 3.3185 3.3185 -0.7750 -0.7750
2 4.3157 4.3200 3.7752 3.7727 1.1802 1.2252
4 4.3054 4.3174 3.7281 3.7446 1.1291 1.2097
6 4.3038 4.3157 3.7163 3.7188 1.1192 1.1934
8 4.3230 4.3247 3.7206 3.7145 1.2372 1.2423
10 4.3409 4.3303 3.7449 3.7031 1.3473 1.2808
12 4.3399 4.3447 3.7314 3.7156 1.3437 1.3560
14 4.3470 4.3702 3.7233 3.7617 1.3859 1.4901
328 K 0 3.9438 3.9438 2.9056 2.9056 -0.4114 -0.4114
2 4.0119 4.0150 3.07593 3.0597 0.3646 0.3758
4 4.0085 4.0445 3.04418 3.1088 0.3549 0.5332
6 4.0213 4.0654 3.05823 3.138 0.4266 0.6471
8 4.0113 4.0882 2.99829 3.1656 0.3694 0.7699
10 4.0116 4.1080 2.9836 3.198 0.3822 0.8764
12 4.0213 4.1325 2.98437 3.2251 0.4498 1.0248
14 4.0247 4.1337 2.9631 3.1963 0.4718 1.0291

Table 2: Values of molar cohesive energy, Gibb’s free energy and Δπi of aqueous sodium dodecyl sulphate combined with sodium chloride and sodium sulphate at different temperatures.

Equation (1) Equation (2) Equation (3) Equation (4) Equation (5) Equation (6)

Where, U=ultrasonic velocity (m/s), ρ=density (Kg/m3), η=viscosity (Nsm-2), Meff=effective molecular weight, b=packing factor, R=gas constant (8.314*107),

T=temperature (Kelvin), k=temperature independent constant (4.28*109), K=Boltzmann’s constant (1.3806*10-23).

Results and Discussion

Internal pressure

The measurement of internal pressure is important in the study of the thermodynamic properties of liquids. The internal pressure is the cohesive force, which is a resultant of forces of attraction and forces of repulsion between the molecules [3,4]. The internal pressure increases with the increase in concentration, and decreases with respect to temperature. This decrease in internal pressure indicates the decrease in cohesive forces and the decrease in forces of attraction. Internal pressure seems to be conditioned by attractive forces whereas free volume is sensitive to repulsive forces. The variation of internal pressure with concentration for two fillers at different temperatures is depicted in Figures 1 and 2.

pure-applied-physics-Internal-Pressure-fillers

Figures 1 and 2: Internal Pressure of fillers NaCl and Na2SO4 vs.Concentration.

Free volume

The molecules of liquid are not closely packed and as such there is always some free space between them. This free space is known as free volume. It is a significant factor in explaining the free space and its dependent properties have close connection with molecular structure [5] and it may show features about interactions like ion-solvent, dipole-dipole, solute-solvent interactions. When the solute is added to solvent, the structure of solvent is broken. The available space of solvent in the solution is reduced hence the solution becomes more compressed. So the free volume decreases with raise in concentration. When the temperature rises, the repulsive force between the solute and solvent is more and the free space availability is also increases. So free volume increase with increasing temperature. Figures 3 and 4 shows the change in free volume with increasing concentration of NaCl and Na2SO4. The increase in free volume and the decrease in internal pressure indicate that there exists a strong solute-solvent interaction. Hence the addition of fillers to the surfactant increases the efficiency of SDS.

pure-applied-physics-Volume-fillers-Concentration

Figures 3 and 4: Free Volume of fillers NaCl and Na2SO4 vs. Concentration.

Temperature dependence of πi and Vf

C.V. Suryanarayana and J. Kuppusamy [6] found that at a given temperature a general equation of the form πs=πi+Am2+Bm where, πi is the internal pressure of solvent, πs is the internal pressure of solution, m is the concentration, A and B are temperature dependent constants, holds good in all electrolytes. A similar relation Vf=Vf0+Cm2+Dm holds good for free volume where Vf0 is the free volume of solvent. Similarly C and D are dependent temperatures. The above equations found to be true in many cases of electrolytes, the same was observed in SDS added with fillers NaCl and Na2SO4.

The values of constants A, B, C and D are computed from the internal pressure and free volume at different temperatures is given in Table 3. The temperature dependence of A, B, C and D for the filler solutions are studied and shown in the Figures 5-8. From the tabulation it is clear that the variation of C and D are opposite to that of A and B.

Temperature (K) Internal Pressure * 103 Free Volume * 103
NaCl
298 0.88 -0.02534 -0.2025 0.004895
308 1.752 -0.00992 -0.1725 0.002255
318 -13.298 0.2586 5.06875 -0.11269
328 -12.725 0.1842 2.85 -0.06371
 Na2SO4
298 1.3975 -0.03025 -0.09625 0.003533
308 1.8695 -0.01497 -11.081 0.1288
318 -9.955 0.23429 1.69345 -0.07228
328 -3.9725 0.077955 0.66417 -0.0529

Table 3: Values of Coefficients of internal pressure and free volume of aqueous sodium dodecyl sulphate combined with sodium chloride and sodium sulphate at different temperatures.

pure-applied-physics-Internal-Pressure-Temperature

Figures 5 and 6: Internal Pressure A and B Co-efficients of NaCl and Na2SO4 vs. Temperature.

pure-applied-physics-Internal-Pressure-Temperature

Figures 7 and 8: Internal Pressure A and B Co-efficients of NaCl and Na2SO4 vs. Temperature.

Δπi

The difference Δπi between πi and πs predicts the nature of solute. Internal pressure is the resultant of the attractive and repulsive forces in the system. Co-efficient A refers to the attractive component and B to the repulsive component. B determines the sign of Δπi. In aqueous SDS-filler solutions ultrasonic velocity is found to increase with concentration. But πi found to decrease with increasing concentration of the solutions. The fall in πi is governed by the above relation and B is found to be negative at low temperatures and becomes positive at high temperatures and hence Δπi is negative at low temperatures indicating that the internal pressure of solvent decreases due to the addition of fillers.

The Δi value is found to be negative at low temperatures and changes its value to positive at higher temperatures. The change in Δπi leads to the conclusion that addition of fillers to SDS changes the nature of SDS to be a structure breaker at the lower temperatures and structure maker at higher temperatures. The Δπi variation is depicted in Figures 9 and 10.

pure-applied-physics-fillers-Concentration

Figures 9 and 10: πΔi of fillers NaCl and Na2SO4 vs. Concentration.

Molar cohesive energy

Molar Cohesive energy is defined as the energy of mutual attractive force of molecules. It is the energy needed for the transition of a molecule from the liquid phase where molecules are very close to each other and interactions are strong, to the gaseous phase where molecules are so far from one another. It is the measure of mutual attractiveness of molecules. It increases with increasing concentration suggests that increasing intermolecular interaction which may be due to the strong dipole-dipole interaction in the system.

Gibb’s free energy

Gibb’s free energy is the energy associated with a chemical reaction that can be used to do work. It is the Thermodynamical potential that measures the maximum amount of non-expandable work obtained from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure. This property was defined by Josiah Willard Gibb’s to predict whether a process will occur spontaneously at constant temperature and pressure. Molar cohesive energy and Gibb’s free energy has similar variation as that of free volume and shows exactly reverse trend of internal pressure. This shows that there is appreciable interaction between solute and solvent molecules. Figures 11-14 depict the variation molar cohesive energy and Gibb’s free energy for aqueous SDS added with fillers NaCl and Na2SO4.

pure-applied-physics-Molar-Cohesive-Energy

Figures 11 and 12: Molar Cohesive Energy of fillers NaCl and Na2SO4 vs. Concentration.

pure-applied-physics-Free-Energy-fillers

Figures 13 and 14: Gibb’s Free Energy of fillers NaCl and Na2SO4 vs. Concentration.

Osmotic pressure

Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of solvent molecules across a semi-permeable membrane. It is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in water by osmosis. Osmotic pressure is the basis of filtering ("reverse osmosis"), a process commonly used to purify water. It is applied to water purification and desalination, waste material treatment, and many other chemical and biochemical laboratory and industrial processes.

From the Figures 15 and 16, it is observed that the osmotic pressure of the solution at a given temperature is directly proportional to the concentration of filers. The osmotic pressure of NaCl solution is more compared to Na2SO4 solution at all temperatures and concentrations.

pure-applied-physics-Osmotic-Pressure-fillers

Figures 15 and 16: Osmotic Pressure of fillers NaCl and Na2SO4 vs. concentration.

Conclusions

Comparison of NaCl and Na2SO4

In the NaCl structure there exists only a single Na+ ion and Cl- ion, whereas in the case of Na2SO4 structure there are two Na+ ion, four O- ions and a sulphate ion present. Due to this reason, the strength of interaction in filler sodium chloride with solvent aqueous SDS is lesser comparative to filler sodium sulphate. The interactions between the solute particles and solvent molecules are more in sodium sulphate. Hence all the Thermodynamical parameters calculated have greater influence in sodium sulphate and solvent molecules than that of sodium chloride. This leads to the conclusion that sodium sulphate behaves like effective filler than sodium chloride. It works efficiently and removes stains from clothes and articles quickly.

References