Review of the Substance Structure Theory and its Application of Wave Elements

Abstract

Existing theories of material structure and quantum field theory cannot describe the specific sources of fundamental particles. In quantum field theory, the generation of particles is the instantaneous transformation of the field, rather than the true creation of particles. It is necessary to explore the composition (or source) of the next level of elementary particles or fields. The material structure theory of "all fundamental particles mainly originate from photons" has great advantages in combining logic and fact. By utilizing this new theory of material structure, quantum theory, Bohr theory and classical electromagnetic theory can be mixed to describe the same particle. Both this new theory of material structure and its application examples demonstrate that there is no longer a gap between the micro world and the macro world in calculating the spin angular momentum of basic particles, atomic ionization energy and molecular dissociation energy.

Keywords

Theory of material structure of wave elements; Light-knot electronic structure model; Electron spin magnetic moment operator; Quantum mechanics; Compatibility between quantum mechanics and classical electromagnetic

Introduction

Research progress in material structure theory and its applications

Some people are very satisfied with the existing theories of quantum mechanics and corresponding material structures (especially elementary particle structures), while others are very dissatisfied. For example, many people are dissatisfied with the explanatory system of quantum mechanics. Because that violates local realism and determinism. And this explanatory system has a significant impact on the mathematical form system and applications of quantum mechanics. In chemistry, the application of quantum mechanics is not very accurate. However, conservative people believe that quantitative calculations in quantum chemistry are accurate and successful. Radical people believe that the so-called "accuracy and success" of quantum chemistry calculations are obtained through semi empirical computational programs that are constantly compared with experimental results. Accurately calculating a very simple hydrogen molecule by hand using quantum mechanics cannot be achieved and computer programs are needed. However, the computer program for calculating hydrogen molecules is not solely based on logic, but is mainly woven based on experience and continuous comparison and correction with known experimental values. The quantum mechanical calculations of electron spin angular momentum and spin magnetic moment are consistent with experimental facts. Satisfied people believe that this fact is rigorously calculated, indicating that quantum mechanics is successful and practical. Dissatisfied people believe that we do not know the specific way electrons spin, yet we calculate the physical quantities related to spin motion. From the perspective of formal logic, this is unreasonable. It makes people feel that the calculation results are patchwork, opportunistic, or it seems that there is help from God. It is inevitable to feel that quantum mechanics computing theory is a rootless tree, a skyscraper without a foundation. Even for the calculation of the simplest molecule-hydrogen molecule, the situation is the same: Without knowing the specific structure of hydrogen molecule and the specific motion state and mode of electrons outside the nucleus, the energy eigenvalue of hydrogen molecule (and other physical quantities related to the structure of hydrogen molecule and the motion mode of electrons inside it) is abtained by mechanical calculation. It's also difficult not to experience the negative feelings mentioned above. What is the internal structure of electronics? How is the motion of extranuclear electrons? What is the way electrons spin? These cannot be understood through theories related to quantum mechanics or material structure theory (it is unknown what the electron spin magnetic moment comes from). Physicists do not know the specific motion and complete internal structure of particles, but they have calculated the values of some physical quantities related to the structure and motion of particles. In physics, the existence of things that one wants to know but cannot know is a manifestation of the inadequacy of physical theories. This is the dark cloud over physics, how can we tolerate its existence and easily generate a sense of satisfaction? When you don't know how someone arrived in Guangzhou from Beijing (you only know that he spent 5 days), you cannot calculate the transportation or total cost of their trip. This is normal and in line with formal logic. On the contrary, 'you calculated all the expenses for his trip very accurately' is not in line with formal logic. There is no sufficient reason to believe that quantum mechanics calculations are an exception.

'Very satisfied with the existing physics theory' seems to indicate that people's demands are too low. The author of this article belongs to a group of people who are dissatisfied with existing physics theories. Therefore, long-term exploration of the composition and structure of electrons, intrinsic motion modes (especially the specific way electrons spin), and the motion modes of electrons outside the nucleus.

Many people have also done or are currently doing this kind of exploratory work. The situation I understand is that the vast majority of people have not broken free from the constraints of the concept of point particle structure (including small ball material structure). Therefore, none of them were successful. I want to try to establish new ideas and concepts of material structure in order to dispel the dark clouds over physics.

After long-term efforts, I proposed the wave element particle structure hypothesis (formerly known as the photo junction electronic structure model. This breaks free from the constraints of old physical structure concepts). This particle structure theory can at least explain the specific way electrons spin and the motion of electrons outside the nucleus and accurate quantitative calculations of electron spin momentum and spin magnetic moment may be possible. The integration of the wave element particle structure model into the mathematical formal system of quantum mechanics has brought existing quantum mechanics into the realm of local realism [1-4]. Fortunately, the preliminary applications of wave element particle structure theory and local realism quantum mechanics methods have been quite successful. Anyway, the research work introduced in this article belongs to theoretical iterative creative work. In the field of physics, there has been no research work of this type for over a hundred years. The research work introduced in this article is at least worth discussing and exchanging.

Literature Review

The basic premise of the electronic structure theory of wave elements

Scholars engaged in particle physics research know that high-energy photons can decay into electron anti electron pairs. How to explain this process? The statement of quantum field theory is that "the light field undergoes a process similar to jumping, which turns the light field into an electrostatic field of electrons". Due to the unknown nature of the jumping process, quantum field theory has not yet clarified how photons become electrons, nor has it elucidated the internal structure of electrons, nor dispelled the dark clouds over physics. Today, many people believe that complexity is the right thing to do. However, things that are "simple and beautiful" may also be correct. We cannot rule out this possibility. If we describe the process of photon decay into electrons in the simplest way, that is, photons traveling in a straight line travel along a small circle instead and discrete waves can become things that look like particles. Therefore, it can be assumed that a high-energy photon first decomposes into left-handed circularly polarized photons and right-handed circularly polarized photons and then the left and right circularly polarized photons are connected end-to-end and propagate along a small circle to form electrons and anti-electrons. For convenience, we refer to it as basic assumption. Simply put, this is the light knot hypothesis. Simply put, this is the light-knot hypothesis and also the optical knot electronic structure model. It is not difficult to observe that such a free electron entity is circular (It is a circular phase trajectoryâ??Phase trajectory ring) and for convenience, this ring can be referred to as an electronic ring. The composite circularly polarized light synthesized by two plane polarized photons can be further decomposed into two plane polarized light. Basic circularly polarized light is non synthetic circularly polarized light that can no longer be decomposed.

Basic assumption 2: The electron ring surrounded by circularly polarized photons can expand its radius (including transition processes) in a quantized form in the central force field, following the rule of rd=274n2r0, (n=1, 2, 3,â??â??â??). When Z=1 (the number of nuclear charges sensed by electrons is 1), r0=λ/2Ï?=ħ/2mc. The physical quantity with subscript d is the physical quantity of wave particle duality particles described by de Broglie waves. If the bound state particle happens to be an electron, then, r0 is re and md is me. When it is indicated that the described particle is an electron, the subscript in me can be omitted. Basic assumption 3 is about the assumption that two electrons with opposite spin pairs coincide. In atoms and molecules, electron pairing refers to the complete coincidence of two electrons with opposite spin.

The light-knot electronic structure model indicates that photons (i.e., electromagnetic waves) are one of the components or sources of fundamental particles at the next level. Adhering to the principle that entities without static mass are more fundamental than entities with static mass, we assume based on experimental facts that neutrinos are also a component of fundamental particles [5]. In this way, the next level of origin for the composition of elementary particles is photons and neutrinos. The corresponding material structure theory is also known as the theory of wave elements material structure.

Using a photo junction electronic structure model to solve the problem of the source of electron spin magnetic moment

The wave equation frequently used in quantum mechanics is

Equation

The plane wave solution of the electromagnetic wave equation is similar to it. In the formula, p=2mc=h/λ, E=hν=2mc2, c=λν (This is the commonly used first set of data). According to basic assumption 1 (model of photonic electronic structure), it can be inferred that the energy, momentum and maximum amplitude of photons in circularly polarized light are only half of those in plane polarized light before decomposition. But the frequency, wavelength and propagation speed of the two are equal. Equation (1) is equivalent to (x, t)=Ae-i(Et-xp)/ħ. If it is the basic circularly polarized light decomposed from plane polarized light, during the decomposition process, the frequency and wavelength remain unchanged, but the maximum amplitude is reduced by half. If the wave function of this wave is represented by the functions of ν and λ, the form is still the same as equation (1). Quantitatively, A, E and p are only half of equation (1). Use the second set of data to distinguish when using. The second set of data is p=mc=h/2λ, E=hν/2=mc2, c=λν, λ=2Ï?r. If describing de Broglie waves, the wave function used is different from the form mentioned above.

equation

Here, pd=mÏ?d=h/λd, Ed=hνd=(1/2)mÏ?d2, Ï?d=λdνd=αc, λd=2Ï?rd, λd=2Ï?rd (This is the third set of data). In this case, Ed no longer contains stationary mass but only kinetic energy Ek or T. Eauation (2) and basic assumption 1 tell us the specific form of spin of free electrons-Basic circularly polarized photons propagate along a small circle-The circular motion of momentum and energy (mass equivalent to energy).

According to assumptions (1) and (2), it can be inferred that when a circularly polarized photon propagates end-to-end along a small circle with a radius of r, there is a relationship of λ=2Ï?r (using the second set of data). The spin angular momentum of a free electron is the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron's motion, expressed as L =r Ã?p (via the classical electrodynamics equation). Substituting λ=2Ï?r, p=mc, ħ=h/2Ï? into this classical angular momentum expression yields

equation

T The method for determining the sign of spin angular momentum in a horizontal circular plane is as follows: When the fundamental circularly polarized photon propagates clockwise, it is defined as negative and counterclockwise, it is defined as positive and the direction perpendicular to the circular plane and above is defined as the positive Z-axis direction. In this case, flipping the circle (or electronic ring) 180° allows the electron spin angular momentum to transition between positive and negative values: L=+ħ/2 and L=-ħ/2. The electron spin angular momentum can be combined and written as L=± ħ/2. According to classical electrodynamics, if the electron spin angular momentum takes a negative value, the relationship between the electron spin magnetic moment and the electron spin angular momentum is

We have elucidated the source of electron spin magnetic moment (i.e., clarified the specific way of electron spin). Knowing the specific way of electron spin motion (which is also its intrinsic motion and structure). Below, we derive the electron spin angular momentum operator and electron spin magnetic moment operator based on basic assumption 1. Calculate the second-order number of layers for x using equation (1) and use the first set of data describing free electrons or bosons to obtain

The electron spin angular momentum operator is

Taking the sign of L in equation (4) as negative, μ=-e/2mc L=e/4mc ħ and substituting the non vector form of equation (3) into it, considering r=λ/2Ï?=(h/2mc)/2Ï?=Ñ?/2mc), we obtain

By replacing p in equation (7) with the momentum operator in equation (6), we obtain

Dividing both sides of equation (8) by (-e/2mc) yields the intrinsic motion (spin motion) angular momentum operator for free electrons

Equation (9) can also be obtained by using the following methods: Replace r in L =r Ã?p with Ñ?/2mc and replace p with equation (6).

For describing bound state particles or de Broglie waves (Taking the ground state hydrogen atom as an example), we choose the data set of Ed=hνd=1/2 mÏ?d2, pd=mÏ?d, Ï?d=αc, λd=h/pd=h/(mÏ?d)=2Ï?rd, Ad, Ï?d(x,t) (the third set of data) and equation (2). Here, Ï?d is the group velocity, not the phase velocity.

The angular momentum of the orbital motion of bound state electrons is

equation

equation

As long as the electronic ring is flipped over, Ld will change its symbol.

Here, the spin angular momentum in equation (14) has been chosen as a negative value. Substitute equation (14) into equation (7) (i.e., replace p-ud in equation (7) with an operator form in equation (14)),

Apply equation (15) to equation (10), we can obtain

Let's take the ground state hydrogen atom as an example. According to basic assumptions 1 and 2, it can be inferred that in hydrogen atoms, the motion of bound electrons is the orbital motion of electrons and the velocity of bound electrons is Ï?=αc. Ld and μd are the angular momentum and magnetic moment of electrons in orbital motion, respectively. In this way, the magnetogyric ratio of electron spin motion and the magnetogyric ratio of orbital motion are, respectively.

Comparing equations (16) and (17), it can be seen that for the ground state hydrogen atom, the magnetic spin ratio of the intrinsic motion of the electron is twice that of the orbital motion of the electron.

Establish the Schrödinger equation based on basic assumptions 1 and 2 (electronic structure model and hydrogen atom model)

Equation (11) is the momentum operator for bound state electrons. The momentum operator in the form of second-order partial derivatives is

In an electrodynamic equilibrium system, Viry's theorem holds and there is a clear relationship between the kinetic energy and potential energy of particles. For the ground state hydrogen atom, this relationship is

Convert p 2 d in Eq. (20) to operator form

T+V=H is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of particles in an electrodynamic equilibrium system, excluding the internal energy of the system. Add V to both sides of the above equation. Then, based on the definition of the operator, we can obtain

Equation (22) is the Hamiltonian operator. Applying it to the wave function yields the energy eigenvalue H.

Equation (23) is also the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation. Where, Ï? is the wave equation for plane polarized light (where E=hν, p=h/λ). Equation (23) corresponds to the energy summation formula T+V=H. Eq.(23) is a non relativistic Schrödinger equation. Among them, Ï? is the wave equation of plane polarized light (For the 1s electron in the ground state hydrogen atom,

Electron radius, atomic radius, and hydrogen atomic structure model

According to hypothesis 2, it can be inferred that when a small ring of free electrons becomes an extranuclear electron of a hydrogen atom, it undergoes the Huygens iteration process to become a large ring. That is to say, the radius of a 1s electron is 274 times that of a free electron. In this way, the structure of the ground state hydrogen atom is that the hydrogen nucleus is located at the center of a circle surrounded by 274 secondary waves [6]. The radius of this large ring is the radius of the hydrogen atom, also known as the Bohr radius.

Here, λ is the radius of the free electron, sometimes written as λe. The value of λ is λ=h/2mc=1.213 Ã? 10â??12 meters. The free electron radius is: râ??=1.213Ã?10â??12÷2Ï?=1.929 Ã? 10â??13 meters. Therefore, λd=2Ï?rd, a0=rd=274râ??=274 Ã? 1.929 Ã? 10â??13 meters= 5.2917721092 Ã? 10â??11 meters and the calculated results are consistent with the Bohr radius values.

From the above introduction, it can be seen that both free electrons and electrons in hydrogen atoms are circular and it can be said that electrons move in one plane. The extension of the range of electron motion in hydrogen atoms to three-dimensional space was chosen without understanding the electronic structure and basic assumption 2. It seems to be an incorrect behavior now (The idea that the movement of electrons outside the nucleus is random and elusive is the result of this hasty choice). The correct choice is to extend equation (23) to two-dimensional space and use it to calculate some physical quantities of hydrogen atoms. The method is to change,

in equation (23) to â??2 and then let Z=0, in order to solve the Schrödinger equation under the condition of x2+y2=rd2. Previously, it was believed that the wave function of electrons in the s-shell of hydrogen atoms was spherically symmetric, with an angular quantum number Ld=0, resulting in a zero orbital magnetic moment. Now it seems that this is also incorrect. We believe that the motion of bound electrons outside the nucleus is an enhanced motion (a combination motion) of the spin motion of free electrons. Spin angular momentum is also a result of this combined motion. When the ring-shaped entity of electrons moves around an atom, an equilibrium state can be reached. The equilibrium state equation is

It is not difficult to see that, localized realism still holds a high position in such quantum mechanical systems.

Establish Dirac equation based on basic assumptions 1 and 2 (electronic structure model and hydrogen atom model)

We can also derive Klein Gordon equation and Dirac equation based on the electronic structure model of the photojunction [1]. The first derivative of Eq. (2)

Taking hydrogen atom as an example, the total energy of electrons outside the nucleus is

According to Eq. (26), we know

This is the total energy operator of the particles.

The total energy Ed of the electrons outside the hydrogen nucleus is: (the orbital kinetic energy of the electron T)+(potential energy V)+(the electronâ??s intrinsic energy mc²):

Here, md is m the mass of an electron (me). T=mÏ?2/2=αcpd/2, V=â??2T= â??mÏ?²=â??αcpd, T+V=â??(1/2)αcpd. The Virial theorem is a dynamic theorem for classical multi-particle equilibrium systems. Nor can relativistic effects destroy it. In Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, it certainly holds. The virial theorem also holds for Saturn-like ring hydrogen atoms under hypothesis 2. Existing quantum mechanics also uses the virial theorem. Comparing the virial theorem 2T+V=0, pd=mÏ?d and Ï?d=αc (where Z=1) and Eq. (28) â??derived from the equilibrium Eq. (25) of classical mechanicsâ?, we can get:

The relationship between the kinetic energy of a moving particle and the relativistic energy is mc ²â??mc ²= T=(1/ αcp d. Using this formula to eliminate mc ² in Eq. (29), we have (Below, some footmarks will be omitted wit hout causing misunderstandings). In the following descr iption, we omi t the subscript d.

Eq. (30) can express that the total energy of the moving particle minus the kinetic energy of the particle equals the interna internal energy of the particle. Replace p and E in Eq. (30) with applying the operators expressed by Eqs. (9) and (20 ) to Ï?(x,t), respectively. Result in