Mini Review Open Access

Bell’s Theorem and Quantum Nonlocality: Foundations, Experiments, and Modern Implications

Abstract

Bell’s theorem represents a pivotal development in the foundations of quantum mechanics, providing a decisive test between classical local hidden variable theories and the predictions of quantum mechanics. By deriving inequalities that must be satisfied by any local realistic theory, Bell demonstrated that quantum entanglement produces correlations that cannot be explained within a classical framework. This review presents a comprehensive discussion of Bell’s theorem, beginning with its historical roots in the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, followed by its mathematical formulation through Bell inequalities. The article further explores experimental verifications, including early photon experiments and modern loophole-free tests. The implications of Bell’s theorem for quantum information science, cryptography, and the philosophy of physics are also examined. The review highlights how Bell’s theorem has transformed our understanding of reality and continues to influence emerging quantum technologies.

Kavya Reddy

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