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Dairy-Based Innovations in Infant Nutrition: Composition, Biofunctionality, and Safety

Ritika P. Sinha*

Department of Human Nutrition, ICMR, New Delhi, India

*Corresponding Author:
Ritika P. Sinha
Department of Human Nutrition, ICMR, New Delhi, India
E-mail: ritika.sinha@icmr.res.in

Received: 01-Mar-2025, Manuscript No. jfpdt-25-169363; Editor assigned: 03- Mar-2025, Pre-QC No. jfpdt-25-169363 (PQ); Reviewed: 15-Mar-2025, QC No jfpdt- 25-169363; Revised: 22-Mar-2025, Manuscript No. jfpdt-25-169363 (R); Published: 30-Mar-2025, DOI: 10.4172/2319- 1234.13.009

Citation: Ritika P. Sinha, Dairy-Based Innovations in Infant Nutrition: Composition, Biofunctionality, and Safety . RRJ Hosp Clin Pharm. 2025.13.009.

Copyright: © 2025 Ritika P. Sinha, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at Research & Reviews: Journal of Food and Dairy Technology

Abstract

Dairy-based infant formulas serve as critical alternatives or supplements to breast milk, especially when maternal lactation is insufficient. Scientific advancements have enabled the development of formulas that more closely mimic human milk in nutrient composition, immunological activity, and digestibility. This article examines the latest innovations in dairy-based infant nutrition, including optimized protein ratios, lipid structures, pre- and probiotics, bioactive peptides, and safety assurance strategies.

INTRODUCTION

Infant nutrition plays a foundational role in growth, cognitive development, and immune maturation. While breastfeeding is recommended exclusively for the first six months, infant formulas provide vital support when needed. Most commercial formulas are derived from cow milk but require substantial modification to match the biochemical profile of human milk. The integration of biotechnology and nutrition science is redefining the safety and functional efficacy of dairy-based infant foods [1].

Key Components of Dairy-Based Infant Formula

  1. Proteins
  • Whey-to-Casein Ratio: Adjusted to 60:40 or 70:30 (similar to human milk) [2].
  • Hydrolyzed Proteins: Partially or extensively broken down to minimize allergenic potential [3].
  • α-Lactalbumin Enrichment: Enhances digestibility and mimics dominant human milk protein [4].
  1. Lipids
  • Structured Triglycerides: Sn-2 palmitate improves fat absorption and reduces stool hardness [5].
  • DHA and ARA: Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids support brain and visual development [1].
  1. Carbohydrates
  • Lactose remains the primary carbohydrate, promoting beneficial gut flora [2].
  • Addition of Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO) analogs fosters immune and microbiota development [3].

Functional and Bioactive Additions

Probiotics
Live strains like Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus reuteri support gut health, reduce colic, and modulate immunity [4].

Prebiotics
Galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides (GOS, FOS) are added to enhance microbial balance and mimic HMO action [5].

Nucleotides
Support immune response, gut maturation, and DNA synthesis [1].

Minerals and Vitamins
Special care is taken to fortify with iron, calcium, vitamin D, and B-group vitamins while ensuring bioavailability [2].

Processing Technologies

Spray Drying
Preserves nutrient integrity during powder formulation [3].

Microencapsulation
Used for heat-sensitive ingredients like DHA, probiotics, and iron [4].

Ultra-High Temperature (UHT)
Ensures microbial safety for liquid formulas without nutrient degradation [5].

Safety, Regulation, and Quality Control

Codex Alimentarius and WHO Standards
Mandate minimum and maximum levels for all macro and micronutrients [1].

FSSAI Guidelines (India)
Ensure formulation safety, mandatory labeling, and batch-wise nutrient verification [2].

Microbiological Testing
Stringent controls for pathogens (e.g., Salmonella, Cronobacter sakazakii), with zero tolerance in infant foods [3].

Heavy Metal and Allergen Screening
Lead, arsenic, and other contaminants must be below detectable limits; allergens like β-lactoglobulin are minimized [4].

Specialized Formulas

  • Lactose-Free Formulas: For infants with lactose intolerance or post-infectious diarrhea [5].
  • Hypoallergenic (HA) Formulas: Use hydrolyzed proteins to reduce allergy risk [1].
  • Anti-Reflux and Anti-Colic Formulas: Contain thickeners and probiotics for specific needs [2].
  • Preterm Infant Formulas: Energy-dense and enriched with specific micronutrients [3].

Future Trends and Innovations

  • Personalized Infant Nutrition: Based on genomics and microbiome analysis [4].
  • Recombinant Human Proteins: Precision fermentation used to produce human lactoferrin or lysozyme [5].
  • 3D-Printed Formulas: Emerging technology for controlled nutrient delivery [1].
  • Plant-Based Infant Formulas: Gaining interest among vegan or allergy-prone families [2].

CONCLUSION

Dairy-based infant nutrition continues to evolve through a synergy of food science, pediatrics, and biotechnology. From adjusting macronutrient ratios to incorporating bioactives and mimicking the immunological complexity of breast milk, current innovations are significantly improving health outcomes for infants worldwide. Continued research, strict regulation, and consumer education will ensure safe and effective alternatives for early life nourishment [3].

References

  1. Koletzko B, et al. Global standard for the composition of infant formula: Recommendations of an ESPGHAN/FAO/WHO expert group. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41(5):584â??599.
  2. Donovan SM, et al. The role of lactoferrin and human milk oligosaccharides in infant health. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1780.
  3. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products. Scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae. EFSA J. 2014;12(7):3760.
  4. Agostoni C, et al. Composition of infant formulas: Recent developments and recommendations. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;73(1):7â??20.
  5. Maheshwari P, et al. Safety and quality in infant formula manufacturing. Indian J Nutr Diet. 2022;59(4):332â??340.