Research & Reviews: Journal of Food and Dairy Technology
MenuISSN: 2321-6204
ISSN: 2321-6204
+1-845-458-6882 Rajesh Kumar Singh*
Department of Chemistry, Jagdam College, JP University, Chapra, India.
Received date: 10/11/2013 Accepted date: 30/12/2013
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In this study, some anti-nutritional factors present in oil-free seeds of egusi (Citrullus colocynthis L.) seed cake were determined. Oil was extracted from the oil-free egusi seed by the Soxhlet extraction method. The anti-nutritional factors were determined using the standard methods. The result of anti-nutritional factors analysis revealed that the seed contains phytate (3.09 ± 0.65mg/100g), oxalate (16.20 ± 2.12mg/100g), nitrate (1.09 ± 0.03mg/100g), cyanogens (13.78 ± 0.13mg/100g) and tannins (6.19 ± 0.04mg/100g). From the result, the oil-free seed cake of egusi contains some anti-nutritional factors in minute amounts, and this serve as a guide towards their elimination.
Aloevera, stainless steel, gravimetric, potentiostic polarization, physical adsorption, inhibition efficiency and surface coverage area.
Milk contains both organic and inorganic radicals. Ordinary milk is slightly acidic [1,2] and its pH at room temperature is 6.5-6.7 when sweet, to 4.6 when sour. Milk contacts with metals not only acquire a metallic test but also corrode these metals readily. A considerable amount of information has been obtained on the effect of metals [3,4] in foods upon animals and human beings. Many recent studies indicate that corrosion products enter into solution of milk and deteriorate quality [5,6] of milk. When a metal goes into solution one can say that it is an electrochemical phenomenon. As the metal goes into solution and passes from a zero charge as the metallic state is designated to positively charged ions an equivalent amount of electricity must pass from the solution to the metal so as neutralize the charge. In the case of acid corrosion this may be expressed as follows:
M + HCl = MCl + H2
Stainless steel [7,8,9] corrodes because all common structural metals form surface oxide films when exposed to pure air but oxide formed on stainless steel is readily broke down and in the presence of moisture it is not repaired. The other factors which affect the rate of corrosion are temperature, PH and flow rate. The relative acidity of the solutions is the most important factor to be considered at low PH, the evolution of hydrogen trends to eliminate the possibility of protective film formation so that steel continues to corrode but in alkaline solutions, the formation of protective film greatly reduces corrosion rate [10].
Chemists use various types of inhibitors for corrosion protection metal. Several works have been done with help of organic and inorganic materials for the corrosion protection of metal [11,12]. Oixdes of metals and phosphate of metals used as inhibitors. Sulpha drugs [13,14] gave good results for corrosion control of stainless steel in sugar industry. Aromatic amine, fused aromatic amine and hetero cyclic aromatic amine worked as inhibitors in phosphate inhibitors. Cyclic amine used for corrosion inhibition of metal in pulp and paper industry. Nanocoatings of organic and inorganic on surface of metal could produced good inhibition properties and improve life of material. Several types of nanocoating can be done on the surface of materials like nanocomposite thin film coating, thermal barrier coating, Top layer coating, nanostructural change and conversion coating. Thiourea and its derivates worked as inhibitors in petroleum industry in various operational units like production, storage and transportation. Recently natural products applied for corrosion protection of metal in acidic medium and these inhibitors were ecofriendly for environment. Metallic and nonmetallic coating mitigated affect of corrosion in corrosive environment. Organic compounds having nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur behave like anticorrosive inhibitors. Electron rich organic compounds have good inhibition capability against acid. The corrosion is controlled by the application of aliphatic and aromatic amines. It is also observed that primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amine is produced good inhibitive effect against acidic medium. Several workers used heterocyclic compounds as inhibitors which possessed nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur. Rubber, polymer and silicon are used as coating material for protection of metal. For this work aloevera is used as inhibitors for corrosion of protection of stainless in milk.
The sheets of stainless steel metal of 0.1 cm thickness was mechanically cut into coupons of sizes of 5cm length by 3cm width, perforated with hole of same diameter centrally to allow the passage of thread. These coupons were surface prepared using emery paper, ethanol and water. The tested coupons were dipped into 40ml solution of milk in 100ml beakers. The coupons, exposure periods were 24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs and 96hrs. Tests were performed at different concentrations 2ml, 4ml and 6ml aloevera and at different temperatures 20oC, 25oC, 30oC and 35oC and temperature were maintained constant by keeping the solutions in a thermostat. The average corrosion rates of the in various concentrations and temperatures were determined by using weight loss method. The corrosion current measured with Potentiostatic polarization by using an EG & G Princeton Applied Research Model 173 Potentiostate. A platinum electrode used as an auxiliary electrode and a calomel electrode used as reference electrode with stainless steel coupons.
The Corrosion rate of metal was determined with and without inhibitor at different concentrations and temperatures with help of equation1.
K (mmpy) = 13.56 W / D A t (1)
Where W = weight loss of test coupon expressed in kg, A = Area of test coupon in square meter, D = Density of the material in kg. M -3.
The inhibition efficiency and surface coverage area were calculated by using equation 2 and 3.
IE = (1- K / Ko) 100 (2)
where K is the corrosion rate with inhibitor and Ko is the corrosion rate without inhibitor.
The surface coverage area may be written as:
θ = (1 – K / Ko) (3)
where θ = Surface area, K = Corrosion rate with inhibitor, Ko = corrosion rate without inhibitor.
The Inhibition of Aloevera activity studied at 2ml, 4ml and 6ml concentrations and at different temperatures 20oC, 25oC, 30oC and 35oC. The rate of corrosion of inhibitors at different concentrations and temperatures were recorded in Table1, Table2 and Table3. Investigation of results of Table 1, Table2 and Table3 it observed that without inhibitor corrosion rate is high and addition of inhibitor corrosion rate is reduced. The results of Table1, Table2 and Table3 show that at lower concentration of inhibitor, the inhibition efficiency and surface coverage area values are smaller and higher concentration the inhibition efficiency and surface coverage area values are bigger. This trends mention in Figure 1. The recorded values of the rate of corrosion at different temperatures without inhibitor in Table1, Table2 and Table3 indicate that corrosion rate increase and addition of inhibitor corrosion rate decrease. This results show that use inhibitor active at high temperature and produces good inhibition efficiency. It is clearly observed in Figure 2.
Table 1: Inhibitor Aloevera activities with milk at different temperatures and 2ml concentration.
Table 2: Inhibitor Aloevera activities with milk at different temperatures and 4ml concentration.
Table 3: Inhibitor Aloevera activities with milk at different temperatures and 6ml concentration.
Fig.1: Plot of IE(%) Vs. C(ml) for Stainless steel at different concentrations
Fig. 2: Plot of IE(%) Vs. T(0K) for Stainless steel at different temperatures
Activation energy was determined with help of Arrhenious equation 4
d /dt (logK) = Ea / R T2 (4)
where T is temperature in Kelvin and Ea is the activation energy of the reaction.
The values of activation energies were recorded in Table4, Table5 and Table6 absence and presence inhibitor. It absorbs that without inhibitor activation energies decrease and with inhibitor activation energies increase. The plot between log K Vs. 1/T in Figure 3 and log (θ/1- θ) vs. 1/T in Figure 4 are found to be straight line. It indicates that physical adsorption occurs on the surface metal.
Table 4: Thermodynamical parameters for Aloevera at different temperatures and 2ml Concentration
Table 5: Thermodynamical parameters for Aloevera at different temperatures and 4ml Concentration
Table 6: Thermodynamical parameters for Aloevera at different temperatures and 6ml Concentration
Fig. 3: Plot of logK Vs 1/T for Stainless steel at different temperatures
Fig. 4: Plot of log(ᶿ/1-ᶿ) Vs. 1/T for Stainless steel at different temperatures
The heat of adsorption was calculated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation and it values recorded in Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6.
log (θ/ 1-θ) = log (A .C) - (Qads/ R T) (5)
where T is temperature in Kelvin and Qads heat of adsorption
The heat of adsorption found to be negative so it indicated that adsorption occurred on the metal surface. The values of heat of adsorption were shown that inhibitors were bind with metal by physical adsorption. The plot between log (θ/1- θ) vs. log C found to be straight line in figure 5 which indicates Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It is a sign of adsorption.
Fig. 5: Plot of log(ᶿ/1-ᶿ) Vs. log C for Stainless steel at different concentrations
Temkin equation of isotherm for adsorption expressed as:
log (C/ ᶿ) = log C – log K (6)
where C is concentration of inhibitor, θ is surface coverage area and K be constant.
The values of log (C/ θ) are mentioned in Table1, Table 2 and Table 3. The plot against log (C/ θ) vs. log C shows a straight line in figure 6 which indicates sign of adsorption.
Fig. 6: log(C/ᶿ) Vs logC for Stainless steel at different concentrations
Free energy was determined by equation 7 and it values recorded in Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6 at different concentrations.
ΔG = -2.303RT [log C - log (θ/1-θ) + 1.72] (7)
Free energy results show that use inhibitor produces an exothermic reaction so it indicates sign of adsorption.
The energy of enthalpy and entropy were determined by transition state equation 8 and it values mentioned in Table 2.
K = R T / N h log (ΔS# / R) X log (-ΔH #/ R T) (8)
Where N is Avogadro’s constant, h is Planck’s constant, ΔS# is the change of entropy activation and ΔH # is the change of enthalpy activation.
Enthalpy and entropy values are mentioned in Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6 which are found to be negative, it exhibits an exothermic reaction. The negative values of entropy indicate that inhibitors stable on surface adsorption of metal.
The corrosion current density determined absence and presence of inhibitor with help of equation 9 and values recorded in Table 7.
Table 7: Potentiostatic Polarization values of Aloevera inhibitors with different concentration at 300C.
ΔE/ΔI = βa βc / 2.303 Icorr (βa + βc) (9)
where ΔE/ΔI is the slope which linear polarization resistance (Rp), βa and βc are anodic and cathodic Tafel slope respectively and Icorr is the corrosion current density in mA/cm2.
Looks the results of Table 7, it is noticed that corrosion current increases without inhibitor and its values reduce after addition of inhibitor.
The metal penetration rate (mmpy) is determined by
C. R (mmpy) = 0.1288 Icorr (mA /cm2) × Eq .Wt (g) / ρ (g/cm3) (9)
where Icorr is the corrosion current density ρ is specimen density and Eq.Wt is specimen equivalent weight.
Figure 7 indicates that Tafel graph has plotted between electrode potential and current density and absence and presence of inhibitors. Anodic potential, current density and corrosion rate increased without inhibitors but addition of inhibitors these values decreased and inhibition efficiency increased.
Fig.7: Plot of E (electode pot. Vs. I (corrcurrent) for Stainless steel
Aloevera is a medicinal natural plant. It is ecofriendly and it has no any side effect. Due to this character it is used as inhibitor in milk solution for protection of stainless steel. Its inhibition efficiency is low at lower concentration and its inhibition efficiency is high at higher concentration. The inhibition efficiency lies between 21 to 74% at different concentrations. It also produces good inhibitive effect at different temperatures. The results of activation energy, heat of adsorption, free energy, enthalpy and entropy show that aloevera bonded with metal surface physical adsorption. Potentiostatic polarization study results indicate that corrosion current decrease after addition of inhibitor.
The author is thankful to the Department of chemistry, Jagdam College, Chapra, Bihar, the Department of applied Chemistry Indian school of Mines, Dhanbad for providing laboratory facilities and UGC for financial support.